Exam, neural tissue engineering

Question 1

What is human embryonic stem cells?

Answer 1

Human embryonic stem cells are stem cells that can be differentiated into cells from three embryonic germ layers

Question 2

What can human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) technology be used to?

Answer 2

hiPSC technologi can be used to obtain brain neural differentiated cells with the genomic background of a specific patient

Question 3

Most differentiation methods for production of neural derivatives from human pluripotent stem cells include an intermediate stage for production of organized cellular structures. What is the intermediate stage for production of organized cellular structures called?

Answer 3

Neural rosettes

Question 4

Name one neural derivative from human pluripotent stem cells!

Answer 4

specific neuronal sub-types

Question 5

Human pluripotent stem cells derivatives are used for spinal cord injury on ongoing clinical trials. This is based on what?

Answer 5

Oligodendrocyte progenitors
—> a subtype of glial cells in the central nervous system
—> may be able to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes

Question 6

what is astrocytes?

Answer 6

Star shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord

Question 7

What was the objective to produce 3D cerebral organdies inside the stirred bioreactors?

Answer 7

To enhance the oxygenation of the aggregates

Question 8

Where can the neural stem/progenitor cells be found?

Answer 8

The sub ventricular zone of the adult brain

Question 9

what are the neural stem/progenitor cells?

Answer 9

They are multipoint stem cells

Question 10

What is the main application for high-throughput culture of human neural stem cells?

Answer 10

To perform HTP toxicology assays with neurotoxic molecules

Question 11

What different tissue engineering strategies is there to repair the central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 11

1. Engineered biomaterials can be used alone for the stimulation of neurogenesis in the CNS

Question 12

How are the neural rosette structures obtained?

Answer 12

The neural rosette structures are in vitro organized cellular structures obtained by differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells

Question 13

What does the neural rosette resemble?

Answer 13

the neural tube

Question 14

what does in vitro mean?

Answer 14

In vitro studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.

Question 15

what is a cerebral organic?

Answer 15

It is a 3D non-vascularized in vitro cellular structures whose development resembles the human brain development

Question 16

what is “non-vascularized”?

Answer 16

without blood vessels

Question 17

what kind of transplantation is the majority of the ongoing clinical trias using differentiated derivatives of human pluripotent stem cells based on?

Answer 17

Retinal Pigmented Epithelial (RPE) cells

Question 18

How was the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects potentially obtained?

Answer 18

upon transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)

Question 19

What is the paracrine actions of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)?

Answer 19

the production of soluble factors

Question 20

How was the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects potentially mediated?

Answer 20

the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects are mediated by the paracrine actions of the mesenchymal stem cells (the production of soluble factors)

Question 21

What are the Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) obtained after?

Answer 21

hiPSCs are obtained after in vitro programming of human somatic cells through the integration of transcription factors

Question 22

By transplantation of what have pre-clinical studies in animal models of Parkinson’s disease have been performed?

Answer 22

By transplantation of dopaminergic neurons differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells

Question 23

Genetically modified neural stem cells have been used in clinical trials for the treatment of brain tumors (gliomas). Why?

Answer 23

Mainly due to their capacity for migration inside the brain

Question 24

What are nerve conduits?

Answer 24

Nerve conduits are artificial tubular structures allowing guiding axonal re-growth after peripheral nerve injury