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Chem 2 > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic acids are

A

polymers of nucleotides

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2
Q

has its own unique sequence of bases known as its primary structure.

A

nucleic acids

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3
Q

what makes up nucleic acids primary structure

A

bases

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4
Q

They are large molecules in the cell nucleus storing information and direct activities for cellular growth and reproduction

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

A nucleotide is composed of a

A

base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

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6
Q

(bond between PO4 and sugar)

A

phosphodiester linkages

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7
Q

When nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester linkages, (bond between PO4 and sugar)

A

polynucleotides are formed

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8
Q

2 most important nucleic acids are

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid).

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9
Q

Is DNA or RNA larger

A

DNA

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10
Q

is the inherited genetic material controlling protein synthesis.

A

DNA

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11
Q

DNA structure

A

It is a double helical structure, where the helix is made up of sugar-phosphate groups.

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12
Q

The double helix consisted of

A

2 polynucleotide strands winding about each other like a spiral staircase.

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13
Q

are seen within the structure which are H bonds between bases

A

Bridges

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14
Q

The H bond formed is between

A

the bases, adenine & thymine (2 H bonds) and guanine & cytosine

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15
Q

(3 H bonds) The pairs AT and GC are called

A

complimentary base pairs

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16
Q

Bases used in DNA are both

A

purine (adenine & guanine) and pyrimidine (cytosine & thymine)

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17
Q

Sugar used in DNA is a

A

pentose, deoxyribose.

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18
Q

RNA Structure

A

The structure is with single chain instead of a double helix as in DNA.

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19
Q

The sugar used in RNA is another

A

pentose, ribose.

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20
Q

RNA The base pairs are

A

adenine & uracil and guanine & cytosine.

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21
Q

Alterations in the DNA base sequence leads to

A

gene mutation.

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22
Q

Small living particles, with 3 to 200 genes, that cannot replicate without a host cell are called

A

Viruses.

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23
Q

DNA replication takes place in the

A

nucleus

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24
Q

begins with the “unzipping” of the parent molecule as the H bonds between the base pairs are broken.

A

DNA replication

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25
Q

Replication takes place from

A

5 primer (5’) to 3 primer

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26
Q

(3’) Helicase is

A

the enzyme that splits the two strands.

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27
Q

When a cell divides, each of its double strands of DNA

A

DNA splits into two single strands

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28
Q

The enzyme, primase produces

A

short complementary RNA fragments called primers

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29
Q

DNA polymerase

A

catalyze the replication at open DNA sections termed, replication forks.

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30
Q

what are DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme

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31
Q

Each of these single strands acts as a template for a new strand of complementary DNA

A

replication forks

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32
Q

Leading strand

A

one of the new strand is synthesized continuously and lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short, separate segments called Okazaki fragments.

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33
Q

DNA ligase

A

connects the Okazaki fragments by phosphodiester linkages, leading to the formation of a new lagging strand which matches the leading DNA strand.

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34
Q

end product of DNA replication

A

2 identical copies of DNA

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35
Q

There are 3 major types of RNA in the cells

A

mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

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36
Q

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. DNA is situated within the nucleus while ribosomes appear outside the nucleus.

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37
Q

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

when combined with proteins yield ribosomes, which is the protein synthesis site. It is the most abundant type of RNA.

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38
Q

• Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

get specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis. This RNA interprets the genetic information in mRNA into the amino acid sequence. Each tRNA contains an anticodon, which is a series of 3 bases that complements 3 bases on mRNA. Codon is the set of 3 nitrogen bases representing an amino acid.

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39
Q

Transcription takes place in the

A

nucleus and then moves onto the cytoplasm

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40
Q

It is the process by which DNA is copied to mRNA, which carries the information needed for protein synthesis.

A

transcription

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41
Q

Partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before _______ can take place

A

transcription

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42
Q

Partial unwinding of the double helix is catalyzed by the

A

enzyme, RNA polymerase

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43
Q

how many strands are transcribed in transcription, while both strands of DNA are copied in replication.

A

one

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44
Q

Transcription takes place in how many steps

A

two

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45
Q

end product of transcription

A

strand of mRNA

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46
Q

DNA template strand —–>

A

pre-messenger RNA —-> mature RNA

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47
Q

The process takes place within the cytoplasm

A

DNA translation

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48
Q

how many steps in translation

A

. It involves 3 steps- initiation, chain elongation and termination. tRNA molecules convert the information in mRNA into amino acids by a process called translation. mRNA binds to ribosomes and each tRNA gets attached to specific amino acids according to their anticodons

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49
Q

Protein synthesis starts when

A

mRNA binds to a ribosome.

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50
Q

The first codon in an mRNA is called a

A

start codon

51
Q

start codon forms

A

h bonds with methionine

52
Q

A peptide bond is formed between

A

C terminus of methionine and N terminus of second amino acid.

53
Q

Successive tRNAs

A

bind to and detach from ribosome as they add an amino acid to the polypeptide.

54
Q

Stop codons release

A

the polypeptide chain from ribosome, indicating the termination of polypeptide synthesis.

55
Q

tRNA has 2 major parts which

A

play an important role in the the process of translation. One is the acceptor stem, where the amino acid is attached. As a result an ester bond is formed between COOH of amino acid and OH of acceptor stem. Another important section is the anticodon area, which is a set of 3 complimentary bases.

56
Q

Codon is the

A

set 3 bases in mRNA.

57
Q

Anticodon is

A

its complimentary set, found in tRNA.

58
Q

• Initiation:

A

Start codon forms H bond with tRNA

59
Q

• Elongation:

A

ribosome moves along mRNA from codon to codon, so that tRNAs can attach new amino acids to growing polypeptide chain

60
Q

• Termination

A

ribosome meets a codon which has no corresponding tRNAs. Stop codon releases polypeptide chain.

61
Q

end product of DNA translation

A

a polypeptide chain of amino acids.

62
Q

Genetic code consists of

A

a series of codons in mRNA that specifies the order for protein synthesis.

63
Q

It is the sequence of nucleotides that determines the sequence of amino acids

A

genetic code

64
Q

An amino acid can have how many codons

A

several

65
Q

The human Genome Project, completed in 2003, showed that our DNA is composed of

A

3 billion bases and 21,000 genes coding for proteins

66
Q

This represents only 3% of the total DNA.

A

human genome project

67
Q

Differentiate between nucleic acid and nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, which has its own unique sequence of bases known as its primary structure

68
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is composed of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

69
Q

Explain the structure of DNA and RNA

A

DNA structure: It is a double helical structure, where the helix is made up of sugar-phosphate groups. The double helix consisted of 2 polynucleotide strands winding about each other like a spiral staircase.
RNA structure: The structure is with single chain instead of a double helix as in DNA.

70
Q

Identify the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide. Adenosine

A

nucleoside

71
Q

Identify the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide. Cytidine monophosphate

A

nucleotide

72
Q

Identify the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide. Uridine monophosphate

A

nucleotide

73
Q

Identify the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide. Deoxythymidine

A

nucleotide

74
Q

Identify the following as a nucleoside or a nucleotide. Guanosine

A

nucleotide

75
Q

Differentiate between the base pairs in DNA and RNA.

A

DNA- adenine & thymine (2 H bonds) and guanine & cytosine.

76
Q

Which are the 3 major steps in the synthesis of protein?

A

1) initiation
2) elongation
3) termination

77
Q

Mention the enzymes involved in DNA replication process. Explain their functions.

A

Helicase is the enzyme that splits the two strands. When a cell divides, each of its double strands of DNA splits into two single strands. The enzyme, primase produces short complementary RNA fragments called primers. The enzyme, DNA polymerase catalyze the replication at open DNA sections termed, replication forks.

78
Q

What are the functions of 3 major types of RNA in the cells?

A

1) Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. DNA is situated within the nucleus while ribosomes appear outside the nucleus.
2) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) when combined with proteins yield ribosomes, which is the protein synthesis site. It is the most abundant type of RNA.
3) Transfer RNA (tRNA) get specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis. This RNA interprets the genetic information in mRNA into the amino acid sequence. Each tRNA contains an anticodon, which is a series of 3 bases that complements 3 bases on mRNA. Codon is the set of 3 nitrogen bases representing an amino acid.

79
Q

What is an anticodon and acceptor stem? Where are they located?

A

anticodon, which is a series of 3 bases that complements 3 bases on mRNA. Codon is the set of 3 nitrogen bases representing an amino acid. One is the acceptor stem, where the amino acid is attached. As a result an ester bond is formed between COOH of amino acid and OH of acceptor stem.

80
Q

Name the enzyme that catalyzes transcription

A

RNA polymerase

81
Q

Define transcription

A

It is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the information needed for protein synthesis.

82
Q

Which are the 3 steps involved in translation?

A

1) Initiation: Start codon forms H bond with tRNA.
2) Elongation: ribosome moves along mRNA from codon to codon, so that tRNAs can attach new amino acids to growing polypeptide chain.
3) Termination: ribosome meets a codon which has no corresponding tRNAs. Stop codon releases polypeptide chain.

83
Q

What is the final product of:
Replication
Transcription
Translation

A 
a)	Replication
End product: 2 identical copies of DNA
b)	Transcription
End product: a strand of mRNA.
c)	Translation 
End product: a polypeptide chain of amino acids.
84
Q

Define genetic code.

A

the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.

85
Q

Differentiate between codon and anticodon.

A

• Each tRNA contains an anticodon, which is a series of 3 bases that complements 3 bases on mRNA. Codon is the set of 3 nitrogen bases representing an amino acid.

86
Q

The process of making RNA from DNA is called

A

The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called transcription.

87
Q

The process of assembling a protein from RNA is called

A

that by which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation.

88
Q

How many amino acids are attached to a single tRNA?

A

In the genetic code, codons made of of three bases specify an amino acid.

89
Q

How many bases are in a codon? In an anticodon?

A

Three

Three

90
Q

How many bases are found in DNA? RNA?

A

4

91
Q

Which base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

A

Uracil

92
Q

consists of a nitrogen containing a base and a sugar

A

nucleoside

93
Q

which of the following is found in RNA but not DNA

A

Uracil

94
Q

Guanine is one example of a nitrogen base that is a

A

pyrimidine

95
Q

The bonds that link the base pairs in the DNA double helix are

A

hydrogen

96
Q

when DNA replicates a guanine forms a base pair with

A

cytosine

97
Q

the two new DNA helix formed in replication

A

contain one daughter and one parent strand

98
Q

what is the process in which the DNA double helix unfolds and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand?

A

replication

99
Q

which of the following types of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis

A

mRNA

100
Q

what is the section of mRNA produced from the DNA template?

3’ AAGCGAA 5’

A

5’ UUCGCUU 3’

101
Q

when mRNA is synthesized using the information from DNA the process is called

A

transcription

102
Q

codons are base pair sequences that

A

code for amino acid

103
Q

the codon is found on ___ and the anticodon is found on ____

A

mRNA, tRNA

104
Q

which of the following is not a step in translation

A

unwinding of two strands of mRNA

105
Q

the enzyme which splits double strand of DNA

A

helicase

106
Q

set of 3 nitrogen bases representing an amino acid

A

codon

107
Q

end product of DNA transcription

A

single strand of mRNA

108
Q

true/false

the anticodon sequence is found in mRNA

A

false

109
Q

t/f

messenger RNA carries protein synthesis information from nucleus to ribosomes

A

true

110
Q

T/F?

okazaki fragments are short segments formed by DNA polymerase in the daughter DNA strand

A

True

111
Q

T/F the backbone of a nucleic acid is the nitrogen bases

A

false

112
Q

t/f? a nucleotide consists of only a base and a sugar

A

false

113
Q

which of the following can be found in DNA

A

deoxyadenosine

114
Q

the nucleotides in the backbone of DNA are held together by ___ bonds

A

phosphodiester

115
Q

which one of the following base pairs is found in DNA

A

adenine thymine

116
Q

acceptor stem is found in

A

tRNA

117
Q

the enzyme that connects okazaki fragments by phosphodiester linkages

A

DNA ligase

118
Q

type of RNA that carries genettic information from DNA to ribosomes

A

rRNA

119
Q

the end product of DNA translation

A

polypeptide chain

120
Q

sugar used in RNA

A

ribose

121
Q

translation is the process whereby

A

protien is synthesized from mRNA

122
Q

anticodon of UAG is

A

AUC

123
Q

which of the following is not a step in protein synthesis

A

unwinding of two strands of mRNA

124
Q

start codon is

A

tRNA

Chem 2 (9 decks)

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