Chapter 18 - Pathology

Question 1

Goiter (!!!)

Answer 1

Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to a lack of iodine in the diet.

Question 2

Hyperthroidism

Answer 2

Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis = too much thyroid hormone produced in the body

Question 3

Thyroid carcinoma

Answer 3

Cancer of the thyroid gland

Question 4

Hypothyroidism

Answer 4

Underactivity of the thyroid gland

Question 5

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 5

1. Excessive production of parathormone (parathyroid hormone).
2. Leads to hypercalcemia = excessive amount of calcium in the blood

Question 6

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 6

1. Deficient production of parathyroid hormone.

2. Leads to hypocalcemia = abnormally low calcium in the blood, which then leads to tetany

Question 7

Adrenal virilism

Answer 7

Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens

Question 8

Cushing syndrome (!!!)

Answer 8

1. Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
2. Obesity, moon face, thoracic fat deposition.

Question 9

Addison disease (!!!)

Answer 9

1. Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex. Basically aldosterone and cortisol blood levels are low.
2. Deficient minearlocorticoids and glucocorticoids, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and low blood pressure.

Question 10

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 10

1. Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
2. Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
3. Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of face, and muscle spasms.

Question 11

Hyperinsulinism

Answer 11

Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia.

Basically, an overdose of insulin, and hypoglycemia is due to insulin drawing sugar out of the bloodstream.

Question 12

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Answer 12

Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells.

Question 13

Type I Diabetes

Answer 13

1. Autoimmune disease
2. Before age 30 (formerly called juvenile diabetes)
3. Little or no insulin production by the pancreas
4. Thin or normal body weight at onset
5. Hyperglycemia leading to ketoacidosis occurring often

Question 14

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 14

1. Polyuria = frequent, excessive urination
2. Polydipsia = excessive thirst
3. Polyphagia = excessive hunger or increased appetite
4. Abrupt, rapid onset of symptoms

Question 15

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Answer 15

Insulin

Question 16

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 16

1. Usually after age 30
2. Insulin usually present
3. 85% are obese
4. Ketoacidosis seldom occurs

Question 17

What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 17

Gradual onset; asymptomatic

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are all “sometimes seen”

Question 18

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 18

Diet; oral hypoglycemics or insulin

Question 19

Acromegaly (!!!!)

Answer 19

1. Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities.
2. Disease that causes acromegaly is mainly the benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland. It secretes excessive amounts of growth hormone.

Question 20

Gigantism

Answer 20

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrown of body tissues.

Question 21

Dwarfism

Answer 21

Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism.

Question 22

Panhypopituitarism

Answer 22

Deficiency of all pituitary hormones

Question 23

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Answer 23

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and water retention.

Question 24

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Answer 24

1. Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (deficient ADH)(vasopressin).
2. Polyuria and ploydipsia symptoms