Comp 2 Topic 5 - The UK's Evolving Human Landscape

Question 1

Describe the areas of high population in the uk.

Answer 1

Population density is highest in the cities London, Glasgow, Birmingham
Its also high in areas around cities or where major cities have developed into conurbations-towns that have formed continuous urban areas by merging together. e.g. Liverpool

Question 2

Describe the areas of low population in the uk.

Answer 2

Upland areas such as northern Scotland and central wales are mostly rural and low populated
As well as south west and north of england, northern island

Question 3

What is the general trend of population in the UK?

Answer 3

The population distribution is very uneven

Question 4

Describe the economic activity in urban cores.

Answer 4

60% of jobs in cities are found there.
The main sectors that hire there are tertiary and manufacturing
There are more jobs which offer better pay

Question 5

What is an urban core?

Answer 5

The central parts of urban areas

Question 6

Describe the economic activity in rural areas.

Answer 6

They have fewer job opportunities
There is more primary industry
Seasonal tourism industry. E.g. lake district national park
Some rural settlements have become commuter settlements. People travel to urban areas from rural areas

Question 7

Describe the age structure of urban and rural areas.

Answer 7

The age structure of urban and rural areas are different.
There is a higher proportion of younger people living in big cities such as london bristol and Manchester. Because they live near they work
There is a higher proportion of older people living in rural areas like northern island and Scotland. Because they want to retire

Question 8

Why do some rural areas of the UK have high levels of poverty?

Answer 8

Isolated areas on the edge of the UK which are relatively inaccesible are affected.
People have to leave the area to find work which leads to depopulation and a lack of services because theres no one to do the jobs
North east england have lost the manufacturing industry and have high unemployment rates

Question 9

How is the UK government aiming to reduce differences in wealth by using enterprise zones?

Answer 9

There is 55 enterprise zones across the united kingdom
Enterprise zones offer companies a range of benefits for locating in enterprise zones. Such as reduced taxes, similar planning rules and improved infrastructure.
It encourages companies to build in areas of high unemployment which brings jobs and income which could help these ares develop
Dorset green enterprise zone already has two high tech companies

Question 10

How is the UK government aiming to reduce differences in wealth using transport infrastructure?

Answer 10

The UK government plans to link london and major cities with a new rail line. It will increase capacity and allow faster journeys into major cities.
Lancashire county council has built a new road to link heyshaw to the M6, it will encourage business to invest by reducing travel times creating job opportunities

Question 11

How is the UK government aiming to reduce differences in wealth through regional development?

Answer 11

The EU used the ERDF to promote growth in rural areas by investing in small high-tech businesses providing training to improve local peoples skills. Such as providing high speed broadband which attracts digital businesses it attracts skilled work and boosts the local economy.

Question 12

Describe the flow of people in and out of the UK.

Answer 12

• Half of the UKs growth is due to natural increase, the other half is migration.
• Between 1970 and 1982 more people left the uk than moved to the UK
• Since 1983 more people have left than came to the UK. Net migration has more than doubled in the past 10years.
• migration affects the distribution and age structure of the population

Question 13

How does migration affect the distribution of the population ?

Answer 13

• Young national and international migrants move to major cities- this is where most jobs are and where universities are located. The most population is london and big cities for jobs and education.
• lots of counter urbanisation as wealthy people move to rural areas for a better quality of life
• many old people move to coastal areas for retirement

Question 14

How does migration affect the age structure of the UK?

Answer 14

• Most migrants are between 20 and 29

- They are of child bearing age and therefore increase the birth rates of the UK. They account for 27% of baby’s born

Question 15

How has the UKs immigration policy increased diversity?

Answer 15

After the second world war the UK encouraged migration.
It was later then restricted to people with desirable skills.
Lots of highly skilled Indians and Pakistanis still come to the UK.
10% of the population are of Caribbean and asian ethnicity.
Since 1995 the EU allowed free movement of people from europe.
In 2004 Poland and Hungary joined eu and lots migrated to the UK.
Polish people are now one of the largest non-uk born groups.
Immigration introduces languages, food and arts giving UK a rich mix.

Question 16

How has the primary industry been affected since 1960?

Answer 16

Jobs in the primary industry has decreased. Farming has become more mechanised so fewer people are needed. The mining industry has decreased due to competition from abroad and cheaper alternative fuels.

Question 17

How has the secondary industry been affected since 1960?

Answer 17

It has decreased. People employed in manufacturing fell from 36% of the workforce in 1961 to just 9% in 2011. It was partially a result of global shift.

Question 18

How has the service sector been affected since 1960?

Answer 18

Employment in the service sector has increased . Retail is the UKs largest sector employing 2.9million people. Finance is also an important part of the economy.

Question 19

How has the quaternary sector been affected in the past 15 years?

Answer 19

I.T and research and development are increasing making use of the UKs skilled graduates. In 2013 £30 billion was spent on R&D in the uk.

Question 20

How has the secondary industry declined in burnley?

Answer 20

• It was one of the worlds leading cotton towns in the early 20th century.
• In 1914 the textile industry in the UK collapsed due to cheap imports.
• Other primary and secondary industries have failed several major factories closed in 1990 leading to a loss of 100s of jobs.
• Burnley has struggled to recover economically, the employment rate is 65%. As well as low pay. More people leave than come to burnley.

Question 21

How is the tertiary and quaternary sector growing in the UK?

Answer 21

In the 18th and 19th century there was mainly coal mining and iron work before it fell through. Unemployment levels were high.
The different parts of the Region started to work together they aimed to improve transport, attract businesses and increase skills.
Costs are lower to build things
There is lots of digital and media companies there now.
It is a thriving economic region

Question 22

What is FDI?

Answer 22

1) a company based in one country can invest money in a different country- this is FDI, it can exist in two forms:
a) companies can buy land or building and build their companies there
b) companies can buy all or part of an already existing business
2) It has been increasing in the UK from £726 billion to £1065 billion
3) most of this has come from TNCs

Question 23

How has Globalisation influenced FDI in the UK?

Answer 23

It is the process of countries becoming more integrated.

1) Transport and communication links have improved making it easier for companies to operate better in general in the UK.
2) London has developed as a global finance centre. Foreign banks such as the german Deutsche have located here because of business culture and networking opportunities.

Question 24

How has Privatisation influenced FDI in the UK?

Answer 24

Services that were previously run by the UK government have been offered to private firms. It has increased FDI because foreign firms can buy them or merge them with their existing businesses.
For example British gas is now owned by a spanish company iberdrola

Question 25

How has Free trade policies influenced FDI in the UK?

Answer 25

1) Free trade polices reduce import and export restrictions, making it easier for countries to trade.
2) Free trade is promoted inside the eu. It is easier to move goods and services around freely between the uk and the home country.
3) The future of free trade is uncertain due to uk leaving the EU

Question 26

How is the UK economy being positively affected by TNCs?

Answer 26

1) Jobs are created, e.g. The US firm grand heritage group is creating 1000 new jobs in Derbyshire.
2) large scale projects can be built that the UK government cant afford to pay for. £15 billion has been invested in offshore in Uk infrastructure such as offshore wind turbines.
3) TNCs often lead the way in developing new products, tech and business practices which can be used by other firms

Question 27

How is the UK economy being negatively affected by TNCs?

Answer 27

1) It can lead to over reliance on TNCs- if there is a problem elsewhere in the world the UKs economy can be affected.
2) there are big effects if TNCs choose to relocate or change suppliers. e.g. many farmers are inly dependant on 1 or 2 TNCs who buy there produce
3) local business are forced to shut down. The arrival of Starbucks has caused many independent coffee chains to close down

Question 28

Describe london as a city.

Answer 28

It is sighted on the floodplain of the river thames.
Over 20% of the UKs income comes from London
It is the centre of the UKs transport system. It has shipping ports, 5 airports and the channel tunnel.
Companies are attracted to London due to jobs and increased pay
It is a world city and along with new york one of the most important financial centres in the world

Question 29

What is the CBD?, where is it?, its main land use? And example of one.

Answer 29

• The city of london is a CBD
• It’s main land use is commercial
• mix of new high-rise office blocks and historical buildings
• Land is expensive so building density is high
• There are a few small parks.

Question 30

What is the Inner city?, where is it?, its main land use? And example of two.

Answer 30

Newham is a low class residential area, it has a high density of old terraced housing (built between 1960s-70s) with some modern buildings with poor environmental quality with some green space.
Chelsea is a high residential area 80% of buildings built before 1919 land is expensive so building density is high. High quality green space and gardens in every house

Question 31

What is the Suburbs?, where is it?, its main land use? And example of one.

Answer 31

Kingston upon thames is the suburbs, it is middle class residential. It has good quality 20th century semi detached housing along with shops and restaurants. Most houses have gardens and there is good quality green space

Question 32

What is the Rural-urban fringe?, where is it?, its main land use? And example of one.

Answer 32

Thurrock is industrial commercial, it contains oil refineries, manufacturing and a container port, lakeside retail park opened in 1990 
Crockenhill sevenoaks is a high class residential area. It has large detached houses with gardens and countryside

Question 33

How is migration causing parts of London to grow?

Answer 33

• The population of London is over 8.5million people
• International migration, 100,000 people migrated in 2014
• National migration, within the Uk young adults migrate for work and education. Migrants also migrate to london for low skilled jobs.
• Internal population growth- the young population means that there are more births than death

Question 34

How does migration influence the age structure in London?

Answer 34

There is now a high percentage of people aged 25-34 in inner city London and a lower proportion of people over 65. Most immigrants are of working age.

Question 35

How does migration influence the Ethnicity in London?

Answer 35

Ethnic diversity is higher in inner city areas, e.g. 52% of people are foreign born in Newham compared to 29% in kingston upon thames but its rapidly increasing in some suburbs e.g. Bexley

Question 36

How does migration influence the population in London?

Answer 36

Population growth rates are increasing in inner city areas because of high immigration rates and because many migrants are of child bearing age (so birth rates are higher)

Question 37

How does migration influence the housing in London?

Answer 37

The high rate of immigration is leading to overcrowding. Poorer immigrants often live in older terraces 1960s-70s council tower blocks in the inner city which are most affordable

Question 38

How does migration influence the services in London?

Answer 38

In inner city areas where immigration rates are high there is an increasing demand for services such as education and health services. However these areas are normally the poorest in the city so its difficult to provide whats needed

Question 39

How does migration influence the culture in London?

Answer 39

London is very culturally diverse, with more than 200 languages spoke. Many people choose to settle near people with the same ethnic backgrounds giving the area a distinct ethics character. Such as china town brings food, music and goods

Question 40

How are services being affected by inequality in London?

Answer 40

Rapid population growth and high turnover of people puts pressure on services, e.g. health and education. Funding services is also harder in deprived areas, where councils get less money from taxes and businesses

Question 41

How is Education being affected by inequality in London?

Answer 41

The bests state schools, e.g. Holland park, are very oversubscribed and difficult to get into. Wealthy parents can send their children to payed schools. However poorer families end up sending their children to state schools. It can lead to a poverty cycle where a lack of education leads to a limited range of jobs and lower income

Question 42

How is employment being affected by inequality in London?

Answer 42

there are fewer manufacturing jobs in the inner city- new industries locate on the outskirts, so its harder for people to find suitable work. Average income in chelsea is £130,000 but in Newham it is only 35,000, 25% of london is living in poverty due to unemployment or low wages

Question 43

How is health being affected by inequality in London?

Answer 43

Unhealthy lifestyles, e.g. drinking, smoking and poor diets, are more common in deprived areas-Life expectancy is about 5 years lower in deprived areas. Health care is free however services are overwhelmed and people cant afford private healthcare

Question 44

Explain the inequality in London in general.

Answer 44

• The deprivation index is measured on employment, health, education, crime, housing, services and the environment.
• East london is generally more deprived than west london
• poorer people are limited in where they can live
• -They can only afford poor quality housing
• -they need to live near their work as they don’t have a car
• It pits them in a poverty cycle. Deprivation affects peoples jobs and services, widening the gap between rich and poor

Question 45

How has parts of the inner city and CBD of london declined?

Answer 45

• The decline of the docks and manufacturing industry in london led to 20% of jobs being lost between 1966 and 1976 in dockland areas
• Deindustrialisation and unemployment in the second half of the 20th century led to many families moving away
• Many places were left derelict, services decreased ams there weren’t enough money or people to continue them.
• Decentralisation caused further decline. Many shops moved out of the city where rents were cheaper and where there were better transport links and easier access
• The growth of e-commerce has recently put further pressure on high-street shopping, some have become distributors to online shops others have closed down.

Question 46

How has the rural-urban fringe and inner city seen economic growth through Financial and business services and TNC investment?

Answer 46

• The growth of finance and business services is revitalising the CBD. The city if London has become a global centre for banking, insurance, and law companies. They benefit from being close to each other
• Many TNCs locate their sales and marketing department and headquarters in London because of its importance as a financial centre
• They in turn attract further investment as they help to cement Londons identity as a global city

Question 47

Give some examples of TNCs

Answer 47

HSBC, Shell, Virgin Galactic Airways

Question 48

How has the rural-urban fringe and inner city seen economic growth through Gentrification and studentification.

Answer 48

• Some areas. E.g. islington. Have been gentrified, wealthier people have moved back into poorer areas regenerating and improving them. New business are popping up in gentrified areas to cater for the wealthier newcomers.
• Some areas have been studentified- a high population has led to thriving services and entertainment venues, generating new jobs and wealth for the area. e.g. Camden

Question 49

How has the rural-urban fringe and inner city seen economic growth through Urban sprawl

Answer 49

Most growth has taken place in the rural-urban fringe. Large shopping centres have been built on the edge of the city where land is cheaper and there is less congestion and more parking space.

• Industrial areas have been developed on the outskirts of london, e.g. Crossways Business park.
• The availability of jobs has attracted people to live there

Question 50

How has the rural-urban fringe and inner city seen economic growth through leisure and culture?

Answer 50

London hosted the olympic games in 2012, with most investment taking place in Londons easy end, it was one of the most deprived areas however it has new transport links and housing . The sport stadium is open to community use as well as world sporting events. The amount of jobs available have attracted people to the area

Question 51

Why was London dockland regenerated and rebranded?

Answer 51

Rebranding is about improving a places image so that people will want to go there. It usually involves regenerating, making actual improvements to an area, e.g. new buildings, services, office space, housing and shopping centres.
The dockland was regenerated in 1980-1990 as a centre for finance and business with offices, shopping centres and housing development.

Question 52

What were the positive impacts of the London dockland being regenerated and rebranded?

Answer 52

• Transport links were improved, the light railway and underground extension built carry thousands of people every day
• There is better quality green space and environment
• Businesses have been attracted back, creating jobs
• The population has increased and people have more money to spend in local shops and cafes so businesses have thrived

Question 53

What were the negative impacts of the London dockland being regenerated and rebranded?

Answer 53

• Many local people forced out. 36% of the population were unskilled workers and lived in council housing. They couldn’t afford or get the new jobs and houses that were developed and made available.
• Some traditional businesses , e.g. pubs, and old community centres closed down and were replaced with services for wealthier newcomers
• Existing communities were destroyed- local people moved to new towns and estates on the edge of London

Question 54

How is employment making urban living more sustainable?

Answer 54

Increasing employment opportunities reduces poverty and improves economic sustainability. The london living wage encourages businesses to pay a fair wage and take into account the high cost of living in London.

Question 55

How is Recycling making urban living more sustainable?

Answer 55

More recycling means fewer resources are used, e.g. metal cans can be used to make more metal cans. Waste recycling schemes include the collection of recyclable rubbish from houses however only 33% of Londons rubbish is recycled

Question 56

How are green spaces making urban living more sustainable?

Answer 56

Green spaces have environmental benefits and make sure cities remain places where people want to live and work. 40% of London is green space.

Question 57

How is Transport making urban living more sustainable?

Answer 57

Noise and air pollution can be reduced:

• Congestion charges stop people entering the city at peak times
• bike lanes allow people to ride bikes rather than drive
• electric buses and zero emission taxis are helping reduce emissions

Question 58

How is Labour relying on the interdependence between London and its surrounding rural areas?

Answer 58

• Many people commute into London from the surrounding rural areas to work, around 40% of people in the Sevenoaks district work in London
• Students and young professionals move into London, they often want to live close to their work in areas with good entertainment facilites

Question 59

How are goods relying on the interdependence between London and its surrounding rural areas?

Answer 59

• London relies on the surrounding rural areas for food, many farmers sell their produce to supermarkets and wholesalers who transport it into the city
• Many rural people travel to London to shop as there is a wider variety of stores

Question 60

How are Services relying on the interdependence between London and its surrounding rural areas?

Answer 60

• London has good schools, hospitals and services, hospitals like great ormond street, people travel from surrounding rural areas to use them
• Many Londoners travel to Rural areas for leisure activities, golf, walking, exercise c

Question 61

What are the benefits of the interdependence between London and its surrounding rural areas?

Answer 61

• Some businesses in rural areas have seen an increase in business as newer residents have higher disposable income.
• Some farmers have made money from selling their land
• Existing houses have been improved
• There is less pressure on housing in London

Question 62

What are the costs of the interdependence between London and its surrounding rural areas?

Answer 62

• Some villages have become commuter settlements, where people live in rural areas but work in London, shops are forced to close down because there is no one there during the day.
• New housing estates have been built on open countryside which has affected the wildlife
• Lots of people drive to Sevenoaks to catch the train into London, increasing traffic, air pollution and parking issues

Question 63

How is interdependence causing change in rural areas?

Answer 63

• Sevenoaks district is a largely rural area to the south east of London, many people are moving there for a better quality of life, it causes house prices to rise, 250% since 1995 due to high demand
• Old people are retiring there so the proportion of people over 50 is high, young people are leaving so much smaller proportion of people in their 20s
• London has a huge population with more leisure time and higher incomes than in the past. It creates demand for recreational services in rural areas.

Question 64

How are people in rural areas finding employment a challenge?

Answer 64

• Employment deprivation is concentrated in a few small areas, swanley
• Increased use of technology in agriculture has resulted in less human workers being needed, it has caused a 30% loss in jobs since 1998, finding alternative employment is difficult

Question 65

How are people in rural areas finding Housing a challenge?

Answer 65

Sevenoaks district is among the 30% most deprived areas for housing affordability, House prices in the Sevenoaks area are much higher than the UK average, it creates a challenge in providing affordable housing for young people whose income is low

Question 66

How are people in rural areas finding Health care and Education a challenge?

Answer 66

• Ageing population require more healthcare
• Some GP surgeries are threatened by closure
• Schools in some towns are closing because of a lack of pupils
• Many elderly people struggle to get to services and healthcare
• Many young people will have to travel long distances to get to school and leisure activities

Question 67

How is rural diversification creating opportunities for farmers in rural areas?

Answer 67

• Farm shops are being set up where local people can buy produce, it means farmers can keep farming sustainably
• Farmers are converting some of their land into camp sites and caravan parks, they are unsightly and can damage the environment
• They are turning farms into animal petting areas for children, they have to build big car parks and there is more pollution due to the cars

Question 68

What is rural diversification?

Answer 68

Some farmers find alternative ways of making money either by farm based activities or by starting a new business