Chapter 5: Electron and bonding (5.1-5.3) Flashcards
What are the maximum number of electrons in the first four shells?
1st shell = 2, 2nd shell= 8, 3rd shell = 18, 4th shell = 32 (Use the formula 2n^2 to find the maximum number of electrons)
What are the four types of atomic orbitals?
s-, p-, d-, f-
Shape of an s- orbital?
- It has a spherical shape (draw a circle)
Shape of a p-orbital?
- It has a shape like a bar bell
what shells contain d-orbitals?
Each shell from n = 3 contains 5 d-orbitals
Maximum number of electrons in orbitals s-, p-, d-, f-
S = 2, P = 6, D = 10
What are the two rules of how electrons fill sub-shells?
- Electrons in the same sub-shell fill up orbitals singly before pairing
- Orbitals fill in order of increasing energy (e.g in the n = 2 shell the order is 2s, 2p)
What is the anomaly of how electrons fill sub-shells and how does this effect how you write electronic configurations of elements and ions?
The 3d sub-shell is at a higher energy than the 4s sub-shell. This means that the 4s sub shell fills before the 3d sub shell and also loses electrons before the 3d sub-shell, therefore the order of filling is 3p, 4s, 3d.
Why does the 4s shell also lose electrons before the 3d sub-shell?
The energies of the 4s and 3d sub-shells are very close together. Once filled the 3d energy level falls below the 4s.
How do you classify elements into different blocks?
Their blocks corresponds to their highest energy sub-shell meaning there can be 4 blocks (s, p, d, f)
What is ionic bonding?
What structure is formed in ionic compounds?
The electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions
Giant ionic lattice
Melting and boiling point of ionic substances
High temperatures are required to supply the energy needed to overcome the strong electrostatic force of attraction. Therefore ionic compounds have high melting points.
What does the melting point in ionic lattices depend on?
Melting points are higher for lattices containing ions with greater ionic charges and ionic attraction also depends on the size of the ions.
Solubility of ionic compounds
They dissolve in polar solvents (e.g water) as these break down the lattice and surround each ion in solution.
What does the solubility of ionic compounds depend on?
The charges in the lattice - they may be too strong for water to break down the lattice. Therefore it depends on the attraction between ions and water molecules and the relative strength of attraction within the lattice.
