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CPR Test 1 > Respiratory System II > Flashcards

Respiratory System II Flashcards

1
Q

Air conducting ducts (1 mm in diameter or less) which supply (pulmonary lobules)

A

Bronchioles

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2
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch to form several respiratory bronchioles which open into …..

A

Alveolar ducts

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3
Q

These passages are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with Ciliated and Clara cells and circumferential smooth muscle

A

Terminal Bronchiole

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4
Q

Cuboidal cells with domed or club shaped apical surface
– Well developed basal rER
– sER , golgi apparatus and secretory granules.

A

Clara cells/ Club cells

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5
Q

Clara cells/ Club cells secrete Surface active agent (lipoprotein which prevents adhesion) and Clara Cell Protein (CC16) that……

A

– Marker for the diagnosis of chronic lung diseases like COPD and Asthma
– CC16 leaks across blood gas barrier in lung injury and is found elevated in serum and decreased in broncho-alveolar lavage.

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6
Q

Bronchial Asthma is…..

A

Widespread constriction of smooth muscles in the bronchioles, causing decrease in the diameter

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7
Q

Bronchial Asthma Symptoms:

A
  • Extreme difficulty in expiration of air
  • Accumulation of mucus in the passage ways
  • Infiltration of inflammatory cells.
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8
Q

Bronchial Asthma Treatment:

A
  • Albuterol, which can relax the smooth muscles and dilate the passage-ways
  • Corticosteroids, which is anti inflammatory
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9
Q

Transition airways involved in both conduction and respiration.
• These are the first sites where gaseous exchange takes place

A

Respiratory Bronchiole

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10
Q

………. have simple cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and Clara cells and discontinuous walls interrupted by alveoli

A

Respiratory Bronchiole

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11
Q

……… have Bundles of smooth muscle cells found between alveolar outpocketing (interalveolar septum)

A

Alveolar ducts

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12
Q

…………. are thin walled polyhedral terminal sacs where gaseous exchange takes place.

A

Alveoli

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13
Q

Alveoli are separated from each other by an …..

A

Interalveolar septum

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14
Q

Alveolar Cell types that line the alveoli walls

A

– Type I pneumocytes ( majority)

– Type II pneumocytes (septal cells)

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15
Q

……….. move freely between the interalveolar septum and surface and phagocytize inhaled particles on the alveolar surface

A

Alveolar Macrophages

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16
Q

…….. are squamous cells that line 95% of the alveolar wall.

A

Type I pneumocytes

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17
Q

The most effective blood-air barrier is at the points where……..

A

Type I pneumocytes fuse with the endothelial cells of the interalveolar septum.

18
Q

Dome shaped secretory cells which secrete surfactant and congregate at the septal junctions

A

Type II Pneumocytes

19
Q

Type II Pneumocytes contain stacks of parallel membrane lamellae which contain phospholipids , neutral lipids and proteins
called……

A

Lamellar Bodies

20
Q

The content of the lamellar bodies is secreted by exocytosis to form …… on the alveolar lining

A

Surfactant

21
Q

Contains the phospholipid Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) which is critical for reducing the surface tension in the alveolus and preventing collapse

A

Surfactant

22
Q

Surfactant Proteins: Function of SP-A

A

SP-A: Regulates synthesis and secretion of surfactant and modulates immune response . SP-A and SP-D regulates the allergic response to airborne antigens.

23
Q

Surfactant Proteins: Function of SP-B and C

A

– SP-B and SP-C :Surfactant organizing protein regulates spreading of surfactant on the alveolar surface.

24
Q

Surfactant Proteins: Function of SP-D

A

– SP-D:Binds to microorganisms and lymphocytes therefore SP-D is involved in the local inflammatory response to acute lung injury.

25
Q

Premature babies with underdeveloped lungs and………… have alveoli which tends to collapse with each successive exhalation

A

Inadequate surfactant secretion

Leads to RDS: Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the newborn

26
Q

Disease: Infant respiratory distress syndrome causing high surface tension in lungs, difficulty in alveolar expansion and labored breathing

A

Hyaline membrane disease

27
Q

…….. can help induce the synthesis of surfactant if given to the mother before an possible preterm delivery

A

Glucocorticoids

28
Q

In patients with Hyaline Membrane Disease, the walls of the collapsed alveoli are ……, and the lymphatics are filled with ………..

A

Thick

Proteinaceous material

29
Q

Thin layer of connective tissue found between adjacent alveoli that contain .
– collagen fibers
– elastic fibers
– capillary network(continuous capillaries

A

Intreralveolar Septum

30
Q

The elastic fibers of the interalveolar septum contributes to the …………needed for expiration.

A

Pulmonary recoil

Site of the air-blood barrier

31
Q

Blood-gas Barrier has two portions

A

Thin and Thick Portion

32
Q

Most effective portion of the blood-air barrier that contains:

  1. Surfactant
  2. Type I pneumocyte(P1)
  3. Fused basal lamina of P1 and capillary endothelium.
  4. Endothelial cells
A

Thin Portion

33
Q

This portion of the Blood-gas barrier contains:

  1. Surfactant
  2. Type I pneumocyte(P1)
  3. Basal lamina of P1
  4. Connective tissue elements (cells, elastic and collagen fibers)
  5. Basal lamina capillary endothelium.
  6. Endothelial cells
A

Thick Portion

34
Q

Pores of Kohn interruptions in the interalveolar septa which allow ………….between alveoli.

A

Circulation of Air

This permits collateral flow in instances of obstruction of a lobular bronchiole but may also facilitate spread of infection from one lobule to another

35
Q

The blood supply of lung parenchyma is supplied by

A

Pulmonary arteries and veins

Bronchial arteries from the aorta supplies bronchial tree

36
Q

The lymphatics of lung parenchyma are drained following the

A

Bronchopulmonary tree to hilum

37
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) used to describe two related lung diseases:

A

Chronic Bronchitis

Emphysema

38
Q

Emphysema:

A

The walls of alveoli are damaged by inflammation and lose natural elasticity. The alveoli may overstretch and rupture.

39
Q

Bronchitis:

A

Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation and thickening of the walls of your bronchial tubes, which narrows them. It often induces coughing spells

40
Q
  • Mucinous secretions or casts filling airways. -Increase in size of mucous glands
  • Bronchial or bronchiolar mucous plugging, inflammation and fibrosis.
  • Squamous metaplasia or dysplasia of bronchial epithelium
A

Symptoms of Bronchitis

41
Q

Persistent smoking elevates the neutrophils as well as elastase levels beyond levels that can be counteracted by …….

A

Alpha 1 anti-trypsin (AAT) produced by the liver

42
Q

Excess amounts of elastase causes destruction to the elastic fibers which leads to permanent ………..

A

Dilation of alveoli

CPR Test 1 (20 decks)

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