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Foundations > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are antigens?

A

Anything that causes an immune response

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2
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein molecule created by our immune system to target an antigen for destruction

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3
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cell-to-cell communication proteins that control development, differentiation, & movement

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4
Q

What are cytokines produced by?

A

Leukocytes

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5
Q

What are interleukins?

A

13 cytokines that regulate immune response, inflammatory rxns, & hematopoiesis

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6
Q

What interleukins are responsible for fever?

A

IL 1 & 6

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7
Q

What IL causes acute-phase response?

A

IL-6

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8
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor

A
  • Activates neutrophils
  • Mediates septic shock
  • Causes tumor necrosis
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9
Q

What are chemokines?

A
  • Type of cytokine released by infected/injured cells

- Signals neutrophils & macrophages to initiate immune response

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10
Q

What blocks virus replication?

A

Interferons

- Alpha, beta, & gamma subtypes

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11
Q

What interferon is the strongest? What produces it? What 3 things does it activate?

A

Gamma

  • Produced by T cells
  • Activates macrophages, natural killer cells, & neutrophils
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12
Q

IFN type I

What produces it & fxn

A
  • Alpha & beta
  • Produced by any cell type
  • Induce viral resistance
  • Can suppress T-cell responses & memory T cells (important in HIV)
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13
Q

IFN type II

What secretes it & fxn

A
  • Gamma
  • Secreted by natural killer cells & T lymphocytes
  • Signals immune system to respond to infectious agents or cancerous growth
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14
Q

Immunity is conveyed by…

3 things

A
  • Barriers
  • Recognition
  • Destruction
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15
Q

What are the 2 branches of immunity? & Define them

A
  1. Innate
    - “natural, non-specific”
    - FAST
  2. Adaptive
    - “specific, humoral, cell-mediated”
    - SLOW
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16
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Formation of cells that make up “blood”

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17
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in the embryo & fetus?

A
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
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18
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur after birth?

A
  • Primarily bone marrow

- Lymphatic tissues

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19
Q

What are the components of innate immunity?

7 things

A
  • Physical barriers
  • Granulocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • NKCs
  • Complement cascade
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity?

A
  • Immediate

- Response does NOT increase w/ repeat exposure

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21
Q

What is the 1st level of protection?

Along w/ 3 examples

A

Physical barriers!

  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Commensal bacteria
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22
Q

Describe the inflammatory response

A
  • Damaged tissue &/or cell mediated histamine, prostaglandin & leukotriene release –> vasodilation & leaky capillaries
  • Cell mediated heparin release –> decreased clotting
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23
Q

What does the inflammatory response result in?

A
  • Increased blood flow to area

- Immunologic factors leak out of capillaries into interstitial space

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24
Q

What are adhesion molecules? What do they recruit?

A
  • Membrane proteins that connect cells to other cells or ECM
  • Recruit neutrophils to site of inflammation
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25
Q

Describe the effects of chronic inflammation

A

Chronic cytokine release & leukocyte infiltration –> release of lysozyme & free radicals –> tissue damage

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26
Q

What is the 2nd line of defense?

A

Granulocytes:

  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
  • Mast cells
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27
Q

What are the characteristics of basophils? What do they release?

A
  • Least common
  • Mature in bone
  • Circulate bloodstream
  • Allergic & helminth response
  • Release histamine & heparin
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28
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophils? What do they release?

A
  • Derived from bone marrow
  • Circulate bloodstream & organs (GI & RT)
  • Active in allergic rxns, asthma
  • Act as “antigen-presenting cells” (APCs)
  • Weakly phagocytic
  • Release H202 & other O2 radicals to kill microbes
  • Release leukotrienes
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29
Q

What do eosinophils stimulate?

A

T-lymphocytes

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30
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Most abundant
  • Circulate bloodstream
  • “First responders”
  • Active against bacteria & fungi
  • Release cytokines to recruit monocytes & macrophages
  • Strongly phagocytic
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31
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

A

“Throw out” extracellular fibers that bind bacteria

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32
Q

Mast cells (What do they release & where are they present?)

A

Release histamine & heparin –> inflammatory cascade

  • Leave bone marrow as cells mature in tissues
  • Present in tissues that are boundaries btwn “inside” & “outside”
  • Massive release of histamine –> anaphylaxis
33
Q

Mast cells will degranulate if…

A
  • Injured
  • Encounters antigen/allergen
  • Exposed to complement proteins
34
Q

Monocytes (What do they give rise to? Where do they develop, where are they stored?)

A
  • “Agranular”
  • Give rise to dendritic cells & macrophages
  • Develop in bone marrow, 1/2 stored in spleen, 1/2 migrate to tissues & differentiate into dendritic cells & macrophages
35
Q

What are the 3 primary fxns of Monos, macros, & dendros?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antigen presentation
  • Cytokine production
36
Q

Dendritic cells (fxn)

A
  • The strongest of the APCs

- Activate helper T-lymphocytes

37
Q

What are the specialized dendritic cells in skin?

A

Langerhans cells

38
Q

Macrophages (fxn, location)

A
  • Large phagocytes
  • Release TNF & ILs
  • Act as APCs
  • Present under skin, lungs, GI tract
39
Q

What are the 3 stages of macrophage readiness?

A

A) Resting = cleaning up cellular debris
B) Primed = more active engulfing of bacteria, display fragments of bacteria for T cells
C) Hyper-activated = inflammatory cytokines –> macrophages enlarge & start destroying pathogens

40
Q

After digesting a pathogen, a macrophage will present the antigen to what?

A

Helper T cell

- Antigen attached to MHC Class II molecule

41
Q

What are specialized macrophages called? (Location, fxn)

A

Kupffer cells

  • Within liver
  • Destroy bacteria & old RBCs
42
Q

Chronic activation of Kupffer cells leads to what?

A

Overproduction of inflammatory cytokine & chronic inflammation

43
Q

NKCs

A
  • Cytotoxic lymphocytes
  • Active against viruses & cancerous cells
  • Contain destructive enzymes
  • In bloodstream, liver, & spleen
44
Q

How do NKCs kill their target?

A

By releasing perforins & proteases –> membrane lysis or apoptosis

45
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

A
  • aka. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
  • Cell surface molecules help immune system to determine if protein is “self” or “not-self”
  • Bind antigen to cell surface & display for recognition of T cells
46
Q

What are the 3 subgroups of MHCs?

A

I, II, & III

47
Q

MHC key points

A
  • Determines organ donation compatibility
  • Autoimmune disease is a malfunction in this recognition system
  • Participates in T & B cell activation (displayed in combo w/ a piece of antigen by APCs)
48
Q

Acute phase proteins

A
  • Produced by liver in response to inflammation induced release (by macrophages & T cells) of IL-1,IL-6 & TNF
  • C-reactive protein
49
Q

Complement system

A

Enhances ability of phagocytic cells to destroy pathogens

50
Q

What are the 3 possible complement activation pathways?

A
  1. Classical (requires triggering)
  2. Alternative (activated at low level)
  3. Lectin pathway (requires specific type of triggering)
51
Q

Complement is activated by what?

A

Antigens!

52
Q

What organ makes complement proteins?

A

Liver

53
Q

What is the most abundant complement protein in humans?

A

C3

54
Q

Define: opsonization

A

Enhancing phagocytosis of antigens by “marking” them for destruction

55
Q

Define: chemotaxis

A

Attracting & activating macrophages/neutrophils

- Inducing mast cells & basophils to degranulate

56
Q

Define: lysis

A

Rupturing pathogen cell-membranes by forming the membrane attack complex (MAC)

57
Q

What forms the MAC?

A

C5b forms complex w/ C6, C7, C8, & C9

58
Q

What is the fxn of antibodies (adaptive immunity)?

A
  • Block invader from binding
  • Inactivate viruses & neutralize toxins
  • Opsonization
59
Q

Antibody structure

A
  • 2 light chains
  • 2 heavy chains
  • Antigen binding sites
  • Fab (variable) region
  • Fc (constant) region
60
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

“GAMED”

  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgD
61
Q

IgM

A
  • 1st class produced
  • 1/2 life of 10 days
  • Increased IgM = Recent exposure to antigen
62
Q

Where is IgG found?

A
  • Blood
  • Lymph
  • CSF
  • Peritoneal fluid
63
Q

Fxn of IgG

A
  • Only class that crosses placenta

- Helps NKCs find their targets (opsonization)

64
Q

IgG 1/2 life

A
  • Longest of the Ig’s
  • 23 days
  • Used for passive immunization against rabies & hepatitis
65
Q

When is IgG formed?

A

Late in the primary immune response

66
Q

Where is IgA primarily found?

A

External secretions

67
Q

What is the fxn of IgA?

A
  • Protection of infant, present in breast milk

- Respiratory & GI tracts

68
Q

IgE

A
  • Binds to mast cells & basophils
  • Increased in atopic individuals
  • Increased in presence of parasites
69
Q

What are the components of adaptive immunity?

A
  • T cells & B cells, which are “cell mediated”
  • Antibodies, which are “humoral”
  • Complement
  • APCs
70
Q

What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Requires days to develop
  • Response is specific to an antigen
  • Develops “memory”
  • Subsequent exposures result in more rapid & intense immune response
71
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Where immature lymphocytes (Bs & Ts) grow up & proliferate

  • Thymus in children
  • Bone marrow
72
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Where antigens are presented to mature B & T lymphocytes to initiate adaptive immune response

  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils & adenoids
  • Appendix
73
Q

B-cells (fxn)

A
  • Eliminate extracellular pathogens
  • Acts as an APC
  • Produces antibodies
74
Q

T-cells (fxn)

A

Destroy intracellular pathogens

75
Q

T-cell subtypes

A
  • “Killer” T-cells (CD-8)

- “Helper” T cells (CD-4)

76
Q

Fxn of “Killer” T cells

A

Cytotoxic, identify & kill cells infected w/ virus

77
Q

Fxn of “Helper” T cells

A
  • Activate killer T-cells
  • Signal B cells to begin secreting antibodies
  • Activated cell differentiates into effector & memory cells
78
Q

Types of immunodeficiencies

A
  • Acquired

- Congenital

Foundations (9 decks)

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