6.4 Cloning & Biotechnology

Question 1

Whats a clone?

Answer 1

genetically identical organisms or cells

Question 2

What is vegetative propagation?

Answer 2

reproduction using the vegetative parts of the plant, a natural form of reproductive cloning

Question 3

Explain the process of Vegetative propagation

Answer 3

Part of a plant is separated, then develops into a new plant genetically identical to the original.

Question 4

When/where does Animal cloning occurs naturally

Answer 4

when identical twins are formed due to a zygote divides normally then the daughter cells become two separate cells
or if the animal reproduces asexually

Question 5

Advantages of Natural cloning?

Answer 5

• If conditions are good for the parent then thetll be good for the offspring too
• Cloning is relatively rapid so population increases
• Reproduction can occur with only 1 parent

Question 6

Disadvantages of Natural cloning

Answer 6

• No genetic diversity except from mutations
• little variation in population
• whole population susceptible to less advantageous environment change

Question 7

How can we produce artificial clones of plants?

Answer 7

• Tissue culture

* Micropropagation

Question 8

What’s Tissue culturing

Answer 8

growing new tissues, organs or whole plants from cuttings of certain plant sample

Question 9

How should a plant cutting be taken for cloning?

Answer 9

Stem is cut between the leaf and nodes. Replanted and allowed to grow, sometimes with the use of plant hormones.

Question 10

Summarise the Micropropagation process

Answer 10

1. suitable plant material is cut into piece(Explants)
2. explants sterilised to kill any microorganism
3. explants placed on sterile growth medium with sufficient nutrients and plant hormones
4. callus (mass off undifferentiated cells) form and is divided into small clumps
5. clumps stimulated to grow& differentiate into different plant tissue after moving to different growth mediums
6. once tiny plantlets formed they can be transferred to soil in greenhouse and acclimatize to normal growing conditions

Question 11

State some advantages of artificial plant cloning

Answer 11

• Cloning is relatively rapid so population increases
• Reproduction can occur with only 1 parent
• plants genetically identical so will also have desirable traits
• if meristem used as explant ensures new plants virus free

Question 12

State some disadvantages of artificial plant cloning

Answer 12

• tissue culture labour intensive
• Aseptic conditions or contamination
• no genetic variation except mutations

Question 13

How can we produce artificial clones of animals?

Answer 13

• Somatic cell nuclear transfer; differentiated cell from parent fused with an enucleated egg cell. The cell develops into an embryo and can be implanted into a womb.
• Embryo splitting; embryo split into 2 genetically identical embryos

Question 14

Give arguments for cloning in animals.

Answer 14

• Quick process suited to the growing population of Earth.
• Can preserve endangered species.
• used for medical/drug related testing instead of humans or animals
• produce identical copies of high value individuals with desirable traits

Question 15

Give arguments against cloning in animals.

Answer 15

• Cloned animals often suffer from health problems.
• Low genetic diversity/ variation in species
• ethical issues regarding embryos and the ‘Creation of life just to destroy it’

Question 16

Summarise the Embryo splitting process

Answer 16

1. zygote is created by IVF
2. zygote divides and forms small ball of cells
3. cells are separated and allowed to continue dividing
4. each small mass of cells placed in surrogate mothers uterus where it’ll develop into clone of OG

Question 17

Summarise the Somatic cell nuclear transfer process

Answer 17

1. egg is obtained and enucleated (nucleus removed)
2. somatic cells from the adult is isolated and enucleated
3. the nucleus of the adults somatic cell is fused with the enucleated egg cell by electric shocking it
4. shock triggers egg to start devoloping into zygote
5. forms a small ball of cells ( young embryo)
6. young embryo placed in a surrogate mother

Question 18

What is Enucleation?

Answer 18

the process of removing a nucleus from a cell

Question 19

What is Biotechnology?

Answer 19

the us of living or parts of a living organism in industrial processes

Question 20

Why are Microorganisms suited for use in Biotechnological processes?

Answer 20

• Rapid growth in a variety of environmental conditions.
• Can be genetically engineered.
• Reduces use of chemicals, beneficial to the environment.
• thy can be fed waste/by-products from other food industries(recycling n stuff)

Question 21

Give some ways microorganisms are used in Biotechnological processes.

Answer 21

• Food; baking, brewing, yogurt, cheese,fake-meat
• Medicine; penicillin, insulin
• Environmental; removing pollution (bioremediation)

Question 22

Give advantages of using microorganisms to produce food for human consumption.

Answer 22

• Not dependent on climate/ season
• Long-lasting
• Uses waste products
• No animal welfare issues

Question 23

Give disadvantages of using microorganisms to produce food for human consumption.

Answer 23

• doesn’t have the same taste/texture to natural
• Proteins must be isolated and purified.
• Contains different amino acids to animal proteins.
• concerns regarding eating food that grew ON or were fed off waste

Question 24

Describe the technique that should be used to culture microorganisms.

Answer 24

Aseptic technique; everything must be kept completely sterile so that no unwanted microorganisms are present in the culture.

Question 25

Summarise the three steps of growing microorganisms.

Answer 25

1. Sterilisation; part of the aseptic technique. 2. Inoculation; microorganism introduced to agar plate by streaking, seeding, or spreading. 3. Incubation; placed in warm environment for 24-48 hours to grow.

Question 26

Differentiate between Batch and Continuous fermentation.

Answer 26

* Batch= closed environment, competition for resources, maintains culture in stationary phase, easy to set up, less efficient. * Continuous= products continually removed, maintains culture in log phase, difficult to set up, more efficient.

Question 27

How are the growth conditions manipulated to maximise yield?

Answer 27

* Temperature maintained at optimum. * Sufficient nutrient supply. * Aerobic conditions to prevent products of anaerobic respiration. * pH kept constant to maximise enzyme activity.

Question 28

Describe the growth curve of a Microorganism in a closed culture.

Answer 28

* Lag= cells increase in size and take in water. Population constant. * Log= cells divide. Population increases exponentially. * Stationary= nutrient levels decrease, slowing growth rate. Population stabilizes. * Death= toxic metabolites increase to a point that kills cells. Population declines.

Question 29

What is an Immobilised enzyme?

Answer 29

An enzyme attached to an inert material in order to restrict its movement and hold it in place during a reaction so that it can be reused.

Question 30

Give methods of Immobilising enzymes.

Answer 30

1. Bonding= enzyme binds with support ionically (adsorption) or covalently. 2. Entrapment= enzyme placed in a semi-permeable material that allows diffusion of the substrate and product. 3. Membrane separation= a partially permeable membrane separates enzyme from substrate

Question 31

Give uses of Immobilised enzymes.

Answer 31

* Glucose to fructose conversion. * Lactose to glucose/galactose conversion. * Dextrins to glucose conversion. * Semi-synthetic penicillin production. * Pure samples of amino acids.

Question 32

Evaluate the use of Immobilised enzymes.

Answer 32

+ Product is not contaminated by enzyme, so does not need to be purified. + Enzymes can be reused. + Enzymes are protected from harsh environment. - Expensive. - Reaction rate is slower as enzymes cannot move

Question 33

what is the bacteria that converts lactose to lactic acid

Answer 33

Lactobaccilus

Question 34

how is yoghurt made

Answer 34

milk treated with bacteria like lactobacciuls lactose to lactic acid causinh PH drop Ph denatures milk proteing causing coagulation

Question 35

how is Cheese made

Answer 35

pre treated with lactobaccillus acidified milk mixed with Rennet Rennin in renett causes milk protein 'casein' to coagulate making curds that become cheese

Question 36

when are primary metabolites made

Answer 36

synthesised when microoorganism metabolise normally

Question 37

when are secondary metabolites made

Answer 37

synthesid when microoorganism metabolise under stresfull conditions

Question 38

what culture type used to harvest primary metabloites

Answer 38

Continuous, ensures condiitions never harsh enough to produce secondary

Question 39

what culture type used to harvest secondary metabloites

Answer 39

batch, ensures conditions harsh enough to produce secondary

Question 40

step by step fro vegatative propagation (cuttings)

Answer 40

1. take cuttings of stem between leaf & node 2. dip cutting in rooting powder and nececasary hormomes 3. place in suitable growth medium 4. grow in proper enviroment (warm n shit) till roots form then place in soil

Question 41

tissue culture vs vegatative propagation | T vs V

Answer 41

T: +more viable on large scale T: -expensive,labour intensive, skill needed, contamination riskk V: + viable on small scale + easy