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Biology > 6.4 - Gas Exchange > Flashcards

6.4 - Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The pumping of gas into the lungs and removal of stale air

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2
Q

Why does ventilation occur?

A

To maintain the concentration gradient

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3
Q

Where does ventilation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells

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4
Q

What does ventilation involve?

A

An increase in O2 intake and decrease in CO2 in the lungs helps maintain a high concentration of gases between alveoli and capillaries
This allows for faster diffusion

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5
Q

Lungs (3)

A
  • air enters the trachea which branches into bronchi
  • both the trachea and bronchioles are protected by rings of cartilage
  • they then divide into bronchioles and then alveoli
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6
Q

What are alveoli?

A

The site of gas exchange

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7
Q

Type I pneumocytes (2)

A
  • extremely thin cells with thin cell walls

- adapted for gas exchange and have a short diffusion pathway

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8
Q

Type II pneumocytes (2)

A
  • secrete a solution containing a surfactant that creates a moist surface to prevent the alveoli sticking by adhesion to itself
  • surfactant reduces surface tension
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9
Q

Ribcage movement in inspiration

A

Upwards and outwards

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10
Q

Diaphragm movement in inspiration

A

Contracts

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11
Q

Floor of thorax movement in inspiration

A

Downwards

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12
Q

Chest cavity volume in inspiration

A

Increases

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13
Q

Internal intercostal muscles inspiration

A

Relax

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14
Q

External intercostal muscles inspiration

A

Contract

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15
Q

Pressure in lungs in inspiration

A

Decreases

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16
Q

Air movement inspiration

A

In, because atmospheric air pressure is higher than lung air pressure

17
Q

Ribcage movement in expiration

A

Downwards and inwards

18
Q

Diaphragm movement in expiration

A

Relaxes

19
Q

Floor of thorax movement in expiration

A

Upwards

20
Q

Chest cavity volume in expiration

A

Decreases

21
Q

Internal intercostal muscles in expiration

A

Contract

22
Q

External intercostal muscles in expiration

A

Relax

23
Q

Pressure in lungs in expiration

A

Increase

24
Q

Air movement in expiration

A

Out

25
Q

Lung cancer causes (4)

A
  • smoking, including passive smoking
  • air pollution from exhaust fumes
  • radon gas
  • asbestos/silica particles inhaled
26
Q

How does smoking cause lung cancer?

A

Contains mutagenic chemicals

27
Q

Consequences of lung cancer

A
  • difficulty breathing
  • persistent coughing
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
28
Q

Emphysema (4)

A
  • fusing of alveoli
  • reduces number of alveoli present and increases thickness of their walls
  • slower gas exchange (large diffusion pathway and smaller surface area)
  • lungs become more rigid and breathing becomes difficult
29
Q

Causes of emphysema (3)

A
  • decreases in AIAT production by genetic factors
  • increase in phagocytes in the lung increases digestion of lung tissue
  • heavy metals and asbestos inhalation

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