Lecture 3 - Injury in Sport & Exercise: Uncontrollable factors

Question 1

What can having flat feet cause and what injures can this lead to ?

Answer 1

• Can cause internal tibial torsion and femoral rotation which can lead to:
• IT band syndrome
• Patellofemoral pain syndrome
• SIJ dysfunction
• Tarsal stress fractures.

Question 2

What differences between men and women can cause increased likely hood of injury?

Answer 2

• A wider pelvis, resulting in genu varum with altered hip and knee loading.
• Smaller bones
• Greater rate of bone los with age
• Less muscle and higher fat content

Question 3

By what percentage can exercise reduce the decline in strength of the ACL?

Answer 3

• 50%

Question 4

What are some uncontrollable factors in injury or illness?

Answer 4

• Age
• Gender
• Musculoskeletal deformities.

Question 5

What changes in the type of tendon/ bone injuries above 30 years of age ?

Answer 5

• Before 30 years of age more likely to get an avulsion injury as the tendons are more resistant to tension than the bones.

Question 6

What happens to bones and ligaments with immobilisation or disuse?

Answer 6

• Bone - Atrophy occurs. Mass and size decreases though loss of equal proportions of matrix and material content.
• Ligaments - Decrease in failure strength and energy absorption before failure, which leads to an increase in joint stiffness and injury susceptibility.

Question 7

What can having high arches cause and what injures can this lead to ?

Answer 7

• Can cause external tibial torsion and increased external femoral rotation which can lead to:
• Lateral collateral knee ligament injury
• Metatarsal stress fractures
• Peroneal muscle tendinitis
• Plantar fasciitis

Question 8

What are the average reductions per decade for the bones tensile stress, tensile strain and energy absorbsion?

Answer 8

• Tensile stress reduces by 5%
• Tensile strain reduced by 9%
• Energy absorbsion reduces by 12%.

Question 9

How do bone tissue properties change in older athletes?

Answer 9

• Bone mass decreases by 0.5-1% in men and 1-2% in women yearly after 35-40 years of age.
• Bone compressive strength decreases increasing rupture frequency.

Question 10

Between what ages does the average adults bone mass peak?

Answer 10

• Between 20-40 years of age

Question 11

What are some trainable factors?

Answer 11

• Coordination
• Incorrect body weight
• Poor posture
• Lack or joint mobility
• Lack or imbalance of muscle strength

Question 12

With age what happens to the muscle structure and what effects does this have on performance?

Answer 12

• Muscle thickness deceases
• Cross-sectional area decreases
• Result of these is decreases in Spiriting velocity, max isometric, dynamic and rapid isometric strength and jump performance.

Question 13

What are the causes of abnormal gait?

Answer 13

• Neurological disorders
• Skeletal disorders
• Muscular disorders
• Pain
• Age
• Personality
• Inability to hear and see?

Question 14

What are some biomechanical abnormalities that can effects gait ?

Answer 14

• Leg length discrepancy
• Genu Varum
• Gunu Valgum
• Position of muscle attachments.