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general biology > Chapter 32 (animals part 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 32 (animals part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

This phylum is marine animals with pentaradial symmetry.

A

Echinodermata

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2
Q

What is the symmetry of echinoderm larvae?

A

Bilateral

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3
Q

Echinoderm skeleton

A

a CaCO3 endoskeleton covered by thin skin. pedicellariae: modified pincer-like spines.

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4
Q

Echinoderm water vascular system:

A

a network of fluid-filled canals that branch into tube feet. functions in Locomotion (a hydrostatic skeleton) feeding and gas exchange.

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5
Q

Echinoderm tube feet function

A

part of the vascular system. They extend when filled with water, operated by ampulla: bulb that squeezes to force water into tube foot.

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6
Q

This phylum has no excretory organ, uses their tube feet or dermal gills for gas exchange, and has a complex digestive tract. They lack a brain but have a nerve ring and nerves extending into each of five arms.

A

Echinoderms

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7
Q

This echinoderm group attaches to substrates by stalk, or use their arms to crawl. They suspension feed with their arms.

A

Crinoids; sea lilies and feather stars

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8
Q

This group of echinoderms uses suctioned tube feet to attach to a substrate or grip their prey. They evert their stomach to feed, and have the ability to regenerate. Their body plan is a central disc with radiating arms.

A

Asteroids; sea stars

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9
Q

This group of echinoderms has a distinct central disc with long flexible arms. Their tube feet lack suckers.

A

Ophiuroids: basket stars and brittle stars

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10
Q

This group of echinoderms lack arms but have five rows of tube feet for movement. They have a complex jaw apparatus and a spherical or flattened test covered with spines.

A

Echinoids: sea urchins and sand dollars.

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11
Q

These echinoderms have an elongated sac-like muscular body. They lack spines and their endoskeleton is reduced. They have five rows of tube feet that a modified around the mouth to be feeding tentacles. They have the ability to eviscerate their internal organs when environmental conditions are poor.

A

Holothuroids: sea cucumbers.

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12
Q

This phylum has a closed circulatory system. They are segmented, usually have endoskeleton and ventral heart. There are three subphyla.

A

Chordata

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13
Q

There are three subphyla in the phylum Chordata: ____, ____, and ____

A

Urochordata: tunicates, Cephalochordata: lancelets, Vertebrata

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14
Q

There are four chordate synapomorphies:

A

Notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, endostyle, and muscular post anal tail.

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15
Q

a dorsal, flexible support rod in chordates composed of cartilage, that is typically replaced by the jointed skeleton.

A

the Notochord

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16
Q

this develops into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) in chordates.

A

the Dorsal, tubular nerve chord

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17
Q

this groove in the pharynx of chordates secretes mucus to trap food particles and becomes the thyroid in most chordates.

A

the Endostyle

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18
Q

These structures are perforations or grooves in the pharynx, which are present in chordates as well a hemichordate and echinoderm ancestors. They allow suspension feeding in some invertebrate chordates, they form gill slits in aquatic vertebrates, and they form jaw structures in terrestrial vertebrates.

A

Pharyngeal slits/ pouches.

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19
Q

This group of chordates is marine invertebrates called tunicates and salps. Their body is covered by a tunic. They are suspension feeders and retain food particles on the mucous net. They display chordate synapomorphies as larvae.

A

Urochordates

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20
Q

When Urochordata larvae settle, they

A

undergo metamorphosis to lose their tail, notochord, and most of their nervous system.

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21
Q

These chordates are marine invertebrates called lancelets or amphioxus. They display synapomorphies as larvae and adults. As adults, they burrow. Their anterior end is exposed to suspension feed. They swim fish-like. They lack fins, jaws, heart, brain, and sense organs.

A

Cephalochordates

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22
Q

These chordates have a vertebral column made of cartilage or bony segments. Their brain is encased in cartilage or bony cranium. Vertebral column and cranium form part of endoskeleton. There is pronounced cephalization and well-developed sense organs, two pairs of appendages, a closed circulatory system, complete digestive tract, kidneys for excretion, and are typically diecious.

A

Vertebrates

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23
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves extend into the body in vertebrates?

A

10-12 pairs

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24
Q

What does the circulatory system of vertebrates feature?

A

a ventral heart and hemoglobin

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25
Q

This group of vertebrates lacks jaws, paired fins, and scales. They have a cartilaginous cranium, and the notochord forms the main body support.

A

Jawless fish

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26
Q

This group of jawless fish are marine scavengers that lack vertebrae. They use slime glands to repel other scavengers and predators.

A

Myxini: hagfish

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27
Q

This group of jawless fish are marine and freshwater, though the marine species return to freshwater to reproduce. They are mainly fish parasites, which clamp onto skin and use a rasping tongue to puncture the skin to ingest blood while secreting an anticoagulant.

A

Petromyzontida: lampreys

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28
Q

This group of vertebrates are cartilaginous fish. They are primarily found in marine environments and have a paired jaw and two pairs of fins. They have 5-7 pairs of gills for gas exchange. Their skin and mouth contain placoid scales.

A

Chondrichthyes

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29
Q

This group of vertebrates are powerful swimmers. They store oil in their liver for buoyancy but must continue to swim or they will sink. Most are carnivorous, but largest sharks are suspension feeders. They have well-developed senses. Electroreceptors detect electric currents generated by muscle activity and a Lateral line organ, which functions as a motion detector.

A

Chondrichthyes: Sharks, rays, and skates

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30
Q

Chondrichthyes reproduce using ____ ____, Male transfers sperm using ____, eggs are handled in one of three ways: ___, ___, ____

A

Internal fertilization, claspers, oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

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31
Q

Lay eggs which hatch outside the mother

A

Oviparous

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32
Q

eggs are retained within the mother and young hatch out of eggs in the uterus

A

Ovoviviparous

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33
Q

young develop in the uterus, are born live

A

Viviparous

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34
Q

This group of vertebrates have ossified endoskeletons with many vertebrae. Median and paired fins supported by rays of cartilage or bone. Bony, dermal scales cover the skin. A bony flap covers the gills.

A

Bony fish

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35
Q

Bony fish reproduction

A

They are oviparous and fertilize externally.

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36
Q

What is the bony flap covering the gills in bony fish and how many pairs of gills are there?

A

the Operculum, there are four or five pairs of gills.

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37
Q

What is the bone of bony fish comprised of?

A

a Hard matrix of calcium phosphate

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38
Q

These vertebrates have flexible fins supported by rays of bone. They have a modified lung that functions as a swim bladder, an internal air sac for buoyancy control.

A

Ray-finned fish

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39
Q

These vertebrates have fins supported by rod-shaped bones with joints. They also have primitive lungs.

A

Lobe-finned fish

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40
Q

These structures in lobe-finned fish have fleshy bases of muscle and bone and enable them to walk.

A

lobed fins

41
Q

These lobe-finned fish are marine nocturnal predators and there are only two species.

A

Actinistia: coelacanths

42
Q

These lobe-finned fish are found in Southern hemisphere freshwater. They breathe through lungs and gills. An Ancestral version of this thought to be a land vertebrate ancestor.

A

Dipnoi: lungfish

43
Q

Tetrapods evolved from ancient ____.

A

Lungfish

44
Q

Tetrapod ____ evolved from lobed fins

A

limbs

45
Q

transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods lived in 375 mya

A

Tiktaalik

46
Q

early tetrapod, four limbs but fully aquative with fills and tail fin

A

Acanthostega

47
Q

These vertebrates are usually found in damp habitats. They include salamanders, newts, caecilians, frogs, and toads.

A

Amphibians

48
Q

These amphibians have long tails

A

salamanders and newts

49
Q

these amphibians are legless and nearly blind and burrow into moist soil

A

caecilians

50
Q

These amphibians have hopping legs

A

frogs and toads

51
Q

Amphibians require damp skin for ____ ______

A

gas exchange

52
Q

Amphibians fertilize ____ in ____ habitat

A

externally, moist

53
Q

amphibian male or female may protect and carry eggs on ____, in ____, or even in stomach

A

back, mouth

54
Q

amphibian ____ larvae undergo metamorphosis

A

tadpole

55
Q

aquatic, ____ tadpole develops into ____, carnivorous adult

A

herbivorous, terrestrial

56
Q

a tadpole resorbs ____ and ___ then develops ____, ___ and ____

A

gills and tail; legs, lungs and external ear drums

57
Q

paedomorphosis

A

an adult which retains certain larval characteristics

58
Q

An amniotic egg has ___ membranes that protect the embryo.

A

four

59
Q

a membrane in an amniotic egg that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo

A

the amnion (allowed terrestrial vertebrates to complete life cycle on land)

60
Q

Membranes (other than the amnion) in amniotic eggs perform these functions:

A

store nutrients and wastes, carry out gas exchange

61
Q

Reptilian eggs have a ___ which slows desiccation.

A

shell

62
Q

Amniotes have skin with ____ in them, which is less permeable.

A

keratin

63
Q

Amniotes use their rib cage to ____ __ ____

A

ventilate the lungs

64
Q

Amniotes have more efficient ____ and ____ system

A

Heart and circulatory system

65
Q

Amniotes include

A

reptiles and mammals

66
Q

the Mesozoic era was from

A

250-66 million years ago

67
Q

flying reptiles

A

Pterosaurs

68
Q

lare marine reptiles

A

Ichthysosaurs

69
Q

Closest relative of birds

A

Saurischian dinosaurs

70
Q

“age of reptiles”

A

Mesozoic era 250-66 mya

71
Q

Reptile reproduction

A

internal fertilization; some species are viviparous.

72
Q

Reptiles are _____; their body temperature fluctuates with environment.

A

Ectotherms (except birds and dinosaurs)

73
Q

Reptiles are _____ with well developed sense organs.

A

carnivorous

74
Q

These reptiles have a bony shell with keratin scales with upper and lower shields. This shell is fused to the vertebrae, collarbone, and ribs. They lack teeth, and the marine species have forelimbs modified as flippers.

A

Testudines

75
Q

there are only two living species of this reptile. They are found only on New Zealand islands, can live 100+ years

A

Tuataras

76
Q

This group of reptiles includes lizards and snakes.

A

Squamata

77
Q

these reptiles have an elongated body with no limbs

A

snakes

78
Q

This snake retains vestigial hindlimb bones

A

Pythons

79
Q

this snake has heat-detecting pit organs

A

Vipers

80
Q

Snakes use a ____ to smell

A

forked tongue

81
Q

Snakes have fangs, _____ and a loosely articulated jaw.

A

hollow teeth connected to venom glands

82
Q

4 venomous snakes in the US

A

Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, Cottonmouths, and Coral snakes

83
Q

This reptile group is the largest living reptiles, up to 23 feet.

A

Crocodilia

84
Q

Type of Crocodilia found in Asia, Africa, and the Americas

A

Crocodiles

85
Q

Type of Crocodilia found in southern US and China

A

Alligators

86
Q

Type of Crocodilia found in Central America

A

Caimans

87
Q

Type of Crocodilia found in South Asia

A

Gavials

88
Q

Earliest birds retained some primitive reptile characteristics:

A

Teeth, Long tail, thick bones

89
Q

This reptile has enlarged pectoral muscles attached to a keeled sternum. They have no teeth, and hollow, air-filled bones. Their outer covering is made of keratin to help retain body heat and water. They have a more efficient circulatory and respiratory system, and they are endotherms and their visual and auditory centers are well developed.

A

Birds

90
Q

Portion of bird digestive tract are modified to the:

A

crop and gizzard

91
Q

In birds, the crop ____ and the gizzard ____.

A

stores food; grinds food

92
Q

In birds, the Cloaca stores

A

uric acid and feces

93
Q

Flightless birds, except penguins, lack

A

enlarged pectoral muscles.

94
Q

This phylum has mammary glands which produce milk. Their hair retains body heat. They are endotherms, and have a diaphragm to ventilate the lungs. They have large brains, specifically the cerebrum region. They have three middle ear bones that conduct vibrations, and cochlea in the middle ear. They have differentiated teeth.

A

Mammals

95
Q

Mammals evolved from a reptile-like ancestor about:

A

200 mya

96
Q

There are three major lineages of mammals:

A

placentals, marsupials, monotremes.

97
Q

Egg-laying mammals that lack nipples.

A

Monotremes

98
Q

Pouched mammals

A

Marsupials

99
Q

Mammals with a more complex placenta and a longer gestation period

A

Placentals

general biology (6 decks)

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