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Yr 2 Sem 1 Repro > 7.2 Foetal Growth And Development > Flashcards

7.2 Foetal Growth And Development Flashcards

1
Q

When is pregnancy calculated from?

A

The date of last menstrual period

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2
Q

What pattern of growth characterises the embryonic period?

A

Intense activity - organogenetic period

Absolute growth is very small (except placenta)

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3
Q

What happens to growth in the foetal period?

A

Growth and weight gain accelerate

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4
Q

During which periods does CRL rapidly increase?

A

Pre-embryonic
Embryonic
Early foetal

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5
Q

When is weight gain at its fastest (of foetus)?

A

Mid and late foetal periods

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6
Q

What sort of growth occurs in the embryo?

A

Intense morphogenesis and differentiation
Not much weight gain
Significant placental growth

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7
Q

What sort of growth happens in the early foetus?

A

Protein deposition

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8
Q

What sort of growth occurs in the late foetus?

A

Adipose deposition

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9
Q

Why is the CRL less useful in the foetal period?

A

Body proportions change dramatically

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10
Q

What are the body proportions at week 9?

A

Head is approximately half CRL

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11
Q

What happens to the body proportions after week 9?

A

Body length and lower limb growth accelerates

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12
Q

What are 3 sources of ante-natal assessment of foetal wellbeing?

A

Mother -> Foetal movements
Measurements of uterine expansion
Ultrasound scan

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13
Q

How is uterine expansion measured?

A

Symphysis-fundal height

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14
Q

What must be taken into consideration when using symphysis-fundal height?

A

It is not just the foetus that is occupying the space

There is amniotic fluid too

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15
Q

When would a first time mother feel foetal movements?

A

20 weeks

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16
Q

What can the USS be used to detect early in pregnancy?

A 
Calculate age 
Rule out ectopic
Number of foetuses
Assess foetal growth 
Anomalies
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17
Q

Why is the USS done at 20 weeks?

A

Structures are developed

Structures are large enough to see

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18
Q

What is the 20 week scan sometimes known as?

A

Anomaly scan

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19
Q

What methods can be used to estimate foetal age?

A

LMP

Development criteria

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20
Q

When is CRL measured?

A

Between 7 and 13 weeks

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21
Q

What is a T1 scan used for?

A 
Date pregnancy 
Estimate due date 
Check location 
Number 
Viability
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22
Q

Why is CRL not used later in pregnancy?

A

Less strong correlation between crown and rump

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23
Q

What is the biparietal diameter?

A

The distance between the parietal bones of the foetal skull

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24
Q

When in pregnancy is is biparietal diameter used?

A

T2 and 3

25
Q

What is AC & FL?

A

Abdominal circumference and femur length

26
Q

What is AC&FL used for?

A

Anomaly detection

Dating and growth monitoring (when used in combination with BPD)

27
Q

What is an average birth weight?

A

3500g

28
Q

What does a birth weight of less than 2500g suggest?

A

Growth restriction

29
Q

What birth weight is classified as macrosomia?

A

> 4500g

30
Q

What could be a cause of macrosomia?

A

Maternal diabetes

31
Q

What part of the lungs develops in the embryonic period?

A

Bronchopulmonary tree

32
Q

What occurs to the lungs in the foetal period?

A

Functional specialisation

33
Q

What is the lung derived from?

A

Out-pocket of foregut

34
Q

Which lung development stage occurs from weeks 8-16?

A

Pseudoglandular stage

35
Q

What developmental stage occurs in the lungs at weeks 16-26?

A

Canalicular stage

36
Q

What developmental stage occurs in the lungs from weeks 26-term?

A

Terminal sac stage

37
Q

What occurs during the pseudoglandular stage of lung development?

A

Duct system begins to form within the bronchopulmonary segments
(Bronchioles)

38
Q

What occurs during the canalicular stage?

A

Formation of respiratory bronchioles

39
Q

What occurs during the terminal sac stage?

A

Terminal sacs bud from respiratory bronchioles

Differentiation of type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

40
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in a foetus?

A

At the placenta

41
Q

How do the lungs prepare to work at birth?

A

Breathing movements to condition the respiratory muscles

Fluid filled for normal lung development

42
Q

When is viability possible?

A

When the lungs have entered the terminal sac stage

>24 weeks

43
Q

Why does respiratory distress syndrome often affect premature babies?

A

Insufficient surfactant production

44
Q

What treatment can be given is preterm delivery is unavoidable?

A

Glucocorticoid treatment of mother to increase surfactant production in foetus

45
Q

What is the definitive foetal HR and when is it achieved?

A

110-160 bpm

At 15 weeks

46
Q

When doesfoetal kidney function begin?

A

Week 10

47
Q

What is a major contributor to amniotic fluid?

A

Foetal urine

48
Q

Why is foetal kidney function not necessary for survival in utero?

A

Renal function managed by the placenta

49
Q

What may be seen if there is decreased foetal kidney function?

A

Oligohydramnios

50
Q

What is oligohydramios and what can it be caused by?

A

Too little AF

Placental insufficiency
Foetal renal impairment

51
Q

What is polyhydramnios and what is it caused by?

A

Too much AF

Foetal abnormality eg inability to swallow

52
Q

What may lead to a foetus being unable to swallow?

A

Tracheoesphageal septum in wrong place

CNS defect meaning foetus is unable to coordinate swallowing

53
Q

Which system is the first to begin and last to finish developing?

A

Nervous system

54
Q

What system begins to develop in the 4th month?

A

Corticospinal tracts which are required for voluntary movements

55
Q

At which week will movement begin to be seen in the foetus?

A

8th week

56
Q

What is quickening?

A

Maternal awareness of foetal movements from 17 weeks onwards

57
Q

Describe the clinical advantage of quickening

A

Low cost, simple method of ante-partum foetal surveillance

58
Q

When does myelination of the brain begin?

A

Week 36

Yr 2 Sem 1 Repro (10 decks)

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