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CP Final > DSA > Flashcards

DSA Flashcards

1
Q

How do you denote out of capillary movement or into capillary movement

A

Filtration is out of capillary and is a positive numer; move into capillary is absorption and a negative

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2
Q

What is a pressure formula for CO

A

CO= (Pa-Pv)/TPR

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3
Q

Systemic circulation is model through what type of resistance

A

Parallel

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4
Q

Reynolds number greater than what gives turbulent flow

A

2000; Nr=densitydiametervelocity/viscosity

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5
Q

What does turbulent flow lead to

A

Sounds (bruits) and lesions (arteriosclerosis)

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6
Q

What is a common increase in pulse pressure; decrease

A

Arteriosclerosis; aortic stenosis

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7
Q

How do we estimate LA pressure

A

Pulmonary wedge pressure

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8
Q

What causes active hyperemia

A

Increases in CO2, H+, K+, lactate, or adenosine

Decreases in O2

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9
Q

Shear is related to the release of what

A

NO

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10
Q

What are our main vasodilators

A

Histamine and bradykinin

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11
Q

What does serotonin cause

A

Vasoconstriction in response to tissue damage

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12
Q

What systems are largely under metabolic control

A

Brain and coronary

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13
Q

What parasympathetic receptor decreases heart rate? Sympathetic that increases it

A

M2; β1

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14
Q

Increased stretch causes an increase/decrease in baroreceptors

A

Increase

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15
Q

Where is renin secreted from in response to what change in BP

A

Kidney; drop in BP

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16
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from

A

Adrenal cortex

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17
Q

What does angiotensin II bind to

A

AT1 channels

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18
Q

What do natriuretic peptides do

A

Arterial dilation - decreases TPR
Increases fluid loss - decreases preload
Inhibits renin - decreases both TPR and preload

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19
Q

What is the cushing reflex

A

Hypertension, bradycardia, irregular respiration

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20
Q

What are multiunit SM? Where are they found

A

SM that are individually innervated; ciliary muscles of eye, iris, and piloerector muscles

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21
Q

What are unitary SM? Where are they found?

A

They are SM that allow them to contract together (in unison)

GI tract, bile ducts, uterus

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22
Q

SM are slower/faster than skeletal muscles

A

Slower; they use the latch mechanism

23
Q

Do SM generate more/less force than skeletal muscles

A

More force because cross bridges are up longer

24
Q

Where does SM bind calcium during contraction

A

Calmodulin

25
Q

What does calmodulin activate

A

Myosin light chain kinase

26
Q

What functions to stop SM contraction

A

Myosin light chain phosphatase

27
Q

What portion of neurons innervate SM

A

Varicosities; they are bulge sites

28
Q

What do platelets secrete that we care about

A

thromboxane A2 and 5HT (serotonin)

These are vasocontrictors

29
Q

What chemicals relate to the vasospasm

A

Thromboxane A2 and serotonin

30
Q

How do we form a platelet plug

A

Activate vWF that initiates binding of collagen to platelets

binding of platelet receptor to collagen

31
Q

What happens during platelet activation

A

Platelet swells, extends podocytes, contracts, and secretes thromboxane A2 and ADP

32
Q

What causes blood coagulation

A

Activation of thrombin - which generates fibrin and fibrin polymerizes

Prothrombin activator activates thrombin

33
Q

What causes clot retraction (contraction)

A

Fibrin stabilizing factor

It also requires calcium ions

34
Q

What causes repair of vessel wall damage

A

Platelet-derived GF

35
Q

What is responsible for the lysis of clots

A

Plasmin which must be activated from plasminogen

t-PA inhibitor normally doesn’t allow this but thrombin activates protein C which inactivates t-PA inhibitor

36
Q

What are some clot inhibitors

A

Fibrin - inhibits thrombin

Prostacyclin - made by injured endothelial cells, vasodilation, limits platelet aggregation

Antithrombin III - when bound to thrombin it is an anticoagulant

Heparin - derived from mast cells, increases antithrombin efficacy

37
Q

What factors require Vit K

A

II, VII, IX, X

38
Q

What does Factor VII’s half life

A

4-6 h

39
Q

What does PT measure

A

Extrinsic pathway

40
Q

What does PTT measure

A

Intrinsic pathway

41
Q

What is primary hemostasis? Secondary?

A

Initial formation of a clot; reinforcement of the clot

42
Q

How does Warfarin work

A

Decreasing activity of Vit K dependent epoxide reductase

43
Q

Vit K is a cofactor in synthesizing factors

A

II, VII, IX, X, Protein S and C

44
Q

What deficiency causes an increased risk of venous thrombosus

A

Protein C

45
Q

What is hemophilia A

A

Defect in intrinsic pathway (Factor 8)

46
Q

What can we use to make Glycerol 3 P

A

DHAP via glycolsis

And glycerol kinase (which fat doesn’t have)

47
Q

What enzyme do intestinal cells use to make fat

A

Fatty acyl coa synthetase

48
Q

What increases hormone sensitive lipase activity? Decreases

A

Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Insulin

49
Q

What is the MoA of hormone sensitive lipase

A

GPCR -> AC ->PKA

50
Q

Niacin can be used to help do what

A

Decrease LDL and increase HDL

51
Q

What is type I hyperlipoproteinemia

A

Familial hyperchylomicronemia (increase in chylomicrons and triacylglycerol)

52
Q

What is type 2a/b

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Cholesterol increased
Triacylglycerol increased
LDL increased
VLDL increased

53
Q

What is the MoA of Type II hyperlipoproteinemia

A

Defects in uptake of LDL via LDL receptor

This causes increased cholesterol in blood and subsequent atherosclerosis

CP Final (14 decks)

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