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A&P 1 > Ch 11 > Flashcards

Ch 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of brain and spinal cord:

A

CNS

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2
Q

What 4 things does the brain consist of?

A

2 cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

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3
Q

Connects the brain to the spinal cord:

A

brainstem

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4
Q

Membranes that protect brain and spinal cord; lie between bone and soft tissues of nervous system:

A

meninges

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5
Q
  • Outer layer
  • Tough, dense connective tissue
  • Dural sinuses
  • Epidural space
A

dura mater

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6
Q
  • Middle layer; weblike

- Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

arachnoid mater

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7
Q
  • Inner layer; attached to surface of brain, spinal cord
  • Blood vessels & nerves
  • Nourishes CNS
A

pia mater

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8
Q

CSF is produced in 4 what?

A

ventricles

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9
Q

Interconnected cavities within cerebral hemispheres and brain stem:

A

ventricles

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10
Q

What are the 4 ventricles?

A

2 lateral ventricles (first and second), third, fourth

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11
Q

Cerebralspinal fluid is secreted by what?

A

choroid plexuses

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12
Q

Cerebralspinal fluid is ________ and _______.

A

nutritive and protective

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13
Q

What does cerebralspinal fluid help maintain?

A

stable ionic concentrations

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14
Q

Result of mechanical force such as fall, attack, accident, sports injury:

A

TBI

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15
Q

A mild TBI; typically results from a one-time injury and has no lasting symptoms:

A

concussion

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16
Q

Sports-related, mild repetitive TBI; results from many small injuries over time; symptoms begin years later and have long-lasting effects on memory and behavior:

A

CTE

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17
Q

Severe TBI, resulting from explosions in combat situations; often leads to cognitive decline years after injury:

A

blast-related brain injury

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18
Q
  • Stroke
  • Sudden interruption in blood flow
  • Brain tissue die
  • Transient ischemic attack is a brief interruption of blood flow to brain
A

cerebrovascular accident

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19
Q
  • Motor impairment at birth
  • Caused by blocked cerebral blood vessels during development
  • Seizures
  • Learning disabilities
A

cerebral palsy

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20
Q

What are the 4 main portions of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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21
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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22
Q

What is the cerebral hemisphere separated by?

A

fall cerebri

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23
Q

What connects the cerebral hemisphere?

A

corpus callosum

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24
Q

Ridges or convolutions:

A

gyri

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25
Q

Shallow grooves in surface; central sulcus:

A

sulci

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26
Q

Deep grooves in surface:

A

fissure

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27
Q

Separates the cerebral hemisphere:

A

longitudinal fissure

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28
Q

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum:

A

transverse fissure

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29
Q

Thin layer of gray mater, which makes up outermost layer of the cerebrum:

A

cerebral cortex

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30
Q

What contains almost 75% of neuron cell bodies in nervous system?

A

cerebral cortex

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31
Q

What lies under the cerebral cortex and makes up most the cerebrum?

A

white mater of cerebrum

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32
Q

Contains bundles of myelinated axons that connect neuron cell bodies in cerebral cortex to other portions of nervous system:

A

white mater of cerebrum

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33
Q

Cerebral cortex is responsible for:

A

higher mental functions

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34
Q

The cerebral cortex can be divided into:

A

sensory, association, and motor areas

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35
Q

(sensory areas of the cortex)

  • Parietal lob
  • Interprets sensations on skin
A

cutaneous sensory area

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36
Q

(sensory areas of the cortex)

  • Temporal/parietal lob
  • Usually left hemisphere
  • Understanding and formulating language
A

sensory speech area

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37
Q

(sensory areas of the cortex)

  • Occipital lobe
  • Interprets vision
A

visual area

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38
Q

(sensory areas of the cortex)

  • Temporal lobe
  • Interprets hearing
A

auditory area

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39
Q

(sensory areas of the cortex)

  • Near base of the central sulcus
  • Includes part of insula
A

taste

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40
Q

(sensory areas of the cortex)

-Arises from centers deep within temporal lobes

A

smell

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41
Q
  • Regions that are not primarily motor or sensory
  • Connect to each other and to other structures in brain
  • Widespread throughout the cerebral cortex
  • Analyze and interpret sensory experiences
  • Provide memory, judgement, emotions
A

association areas of the cortex

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42
Q

(association areas)

  • Concentrating
  • Planning
  • Complex problem solving
  • Emotional behavior, judging consequences of behavior
A

frontal lobe

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43
Q

(association areas)

  • Understanding speech
  • Choosing words to express thoughts and feelings
A

parietal lobe

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44
Q

(association areas)

-Interpret complex sensory experiences (understanding speech, reading)

A

temporal lobe

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45
Q

(association areas)

-Analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences

A

occipital lobe

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46
Q

(association areas)

-Translating sensory information into proper emotional responses

A

insula

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47
Q

(motor areas of the cortex)

  • Frontal lobe
  • Controls voluntary muscles
  • Most nerve fibers cross over brainstem
A

primary motor area

48
Q

(motor areas of the cortex)

  • Anterior to primary motor
  • Usually in left hemisphere
  • Controls muscles needed for speech
A

Broca’s area

49
Q

(motor areas of the cortex)

  • Above Broca’s area
  • Controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids
A

Frontal eye field

50
Q

What is the dominant hemisphere in most people?

A

left

51
Q

(hemisphere dominance)

  • Language skills of speech, writing reading
  • Verbal, analytical, computational skills
A

dominant hemisphere

52
Q

(hemisphere dominance) -Nonverbal taks

  • Motor tasks
  • Understanding and interpreting musical and visual patterns
  • Provides emotional and intuitive thought processes
A

nondominant hemisphere

53
Q

(memory)

  • Neurons connected in a circuit
  • Circuit is stimulated over and over
  • When impulse flow ceases, memory does also unless it enters long-term memory via memory consolidation
A

short-term (working) memory

54
Q

(memory)

  • Holds more memory than short-term, lass a lifetime
  • Changes structure or function of neurons
  • Enhances synaptic transmission
A

long-term memory

55
Q
  • Masses of gray mater deep within cerebral hemisphere
  • Consist of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallidus
  • Produce dopamine
  • Help control voluntary movement
A

basla nuclei

56
Q

This is when less dopamine reaches basal nuclei, which leads to motor problems, tremors, speech difficulties, etc.:

A

parkinson disease

57
Q
  • Between cerebral hemispheres and above brainstem

- Surrounds third ventricle

A

diencephalon

58
Q

(diencephalon)

  • Gateway for sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex
  • Receives all sensory impulses (except smell)
  • Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation
A

thalamus

59
Q

(diencephalon)

  • Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities, such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, etc.
  • Links nervous and endocrine system
A

hypothalamus

60
Q

(diencephalon)

  • Consists of several structures in various parts of the brain, including diencephalon
  • Controls emotional responses
  • Reacts to potentially life-threatening upsets
A

limbic system

61
Q
  • Between diencephalon and pons

- Contains bundles of fibers

A

midbrain

62
Q
  • Rounded bulge
  • Between midbrain and medulla oblongata
  • Relays neve impulses between medulla oblongata and cerebrum
  • Relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum
  • Helps regulate rhythm of breathing
A

pons

63
Q
  • Enlarged continuation of spinal cord
  • Conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord
  • Contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers
  • Contains various nonmetal reflex control centers like sneezing, coughing, etc.
  • Injuries are often fatal
A

medulla oblongata

64
Q
  • Complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout brain stem
  • Extends in the diencephalon
  • Connects to centers of hypothalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum, and cerebrum with ascending and descending tracts
  • Filters incoming sensory info
  • Arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness
  • Decreased activity causes sleep
A

reticular formation

65
Q

(types of sleep)

  • Slow wave sleep
  • Person is tired
  • Decreasing activity of reticular formation
  • Restful and dreamless
  • Reduced blood pressure and respiratory rate
  • 3 stages, ranging from light to heavy
  • Alternates with REM sleep
A

non-rapid eye movement sleep

66
Q

(types of sleep)

  • Paradoxical sleep (some areas of brain are active for breathing)
  • Heart and respiratory rates irregular
  • Dreaming occurs
A

rapid eye movement sleep

67
Q
  • Two hemispheres separated by fall cerebelli
  • Integrates sensory info concerning positions of body parts
  • Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
  • Maintains posture
A

Cerebellum

68
Q

What connects the hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

vermis

69
Q

(brain waves)

Awake, resting, eyes closed:

A

alpha

70
Q

(brain waves)

Active mental activity, under tension:

A

beta

71
Q

(brain waves)

Mostly in children:

A

theta

72
Q

(brain waves)

Mainly during sleep:

A

delta

73
Q
  • Slender column of nervous tissue continuous with brain and brainstem
  • Extends downward through vertebral canal
  • Begins at the foramen magnum and terminates at the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1-L2) space
  • Consists of 31 segments; each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves
A

spinal cord

74
Q
  • Center for spinal reflexes

- Conduit (pathway) for impulses to and from the brain

A

2 main functions of spinal cord

75
Q

Autonomic subconscious response to stimuli within or outside the body:

A

reflex

76
Q

Neural pathway, consisting of a sensory receptor, 2 or more neurons, and an effector:

A

reflex arc

77
Q
  • Consists of 2 neurons: sensory and motor; 1 synapse in spinal cord
  • Example of a stretch reflex: the knee-jerk reflex
  • Helps maintain an upright posture
A

monosynaptic reflex

78
Q

-Occurs when person touches or steps on something painful

A

withdrawal reflex

79
Q
  • During withdrawal reflex, flexors on affected side contract, and extensors are inhibited
  • Shifts body weight, so person remains upright
A

crossed extensor reflex

80
Q

Conducts sensory impulses to brain:

A

ascending tracts

81
Q

Conducts motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands:

A

descending tracts

82
Q

Injury to ascending tracts can result in:

A

loss of sensation

83
Q

Injury to descending tracts can result in:

A

loss of motor function, paralysis

84
Q

Consists of nerves that connect CNS to other body parts:

A

PNS

85
Q

(PNS)

Arising from the brain:

A

cranial nerves

86
Q

(PNS)

Arising from spinal cord:

A

spinal nerves

87
Q

(PNS)

Cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles (conscious activity):

A

somatic nervous system

88
Q

(PNS)

Cranial and spinal nerves that connect CNS to viscera (subconscious activities):

A

autonomic nervous system

89
Q

Bundles of axons:

A

nerves

90
Q

Cover neurons:

A

endoneurium

91
Q

Covers fascicles:

A

perineurium

92
Q

Covers nerve:

A

epineurium

93
Q

-Conduct impulses into brain or spinal cord

A

sensory nerves

94
Q

-Conduct impulses to muscles or glands

A

motor nerves

95
Q
  • Contains both sensory and motor nerve fibers
  • Most are this kind of nerve
  • All spinal nerves are this nerve
A

mixed nerves

96
Q
  • Most of these are mixed nerves
  • Some are sensory, associated with special senses
  • Some are primarily motor, innervate muscles or glands
  • Most are attached to the brainstem
A

cranial nerves

97
Q

Formed by descending roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves:

A

cauda equina

98
Q

Sensory root:

A

dorsal root

99
Q

Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons:

A

dorsal root ganglion

100
Q
  • Motor root

- Axons of motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord

A

ventral root

101
Q

-Union of ventral root and dorsal roots

A

spinal nerve

102
Q

(nerve plexuses)

  • Complex network formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves
  • Not in T2 through T12
  • Fibers of various spinal nerves are sorted and recombined, so all fibers heading to same peripheral body part reach it in the same nerve
A

nerve plexus

103
Q

(nerve plexuses)

  • Formed by ventral rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves
  • Lies deep in the neck
  • Supply muscles and skin of the neck
  • C3-C4-C5 nerve roots contribute to phrenic nerves, which transmit motor impulses to the diaphragm
A

cervical plexus

104
Q

(nerve plexuses)

  • Formed by ventral branches C5-T1
  • Lies deep within shoulders
A

brachial plexus

105
Q

(nerve plexuses)

  • Formed by anterior branches L1-S4
  • Extends from lumbar region into pelvic cavity
A

lumbosacral plexus

106
Q

(brachial plexus)

-Supply muscles of anterior arms and skin of forearms

A

musculocutaneous nerve

107
Q

(brachial plexus)

-Supply muscles of forearms and hands, skin of hands

A

ulnar and median nerves

108
Q

(brachial plexus)

-Supply posterior muscles of arms and skin of forearms and hands

A

radial nerve

109
Q

(brachial plexus)

-Supply muscles and skin of anterior, lateral, and posterior arm

A

axillary nerve

110
Q

(lumbosacral plexus)

-Supply motor impulses to adductors of thighs

A

obturator nerve

111
Q

(lumbosacral plexus)

-Supply motor impulses to muscles of anterior thigh and sensory impulses from skin of thighs and legs

A

femoral nerve

112
Q

(lumbosacral plexus)

-Supply muscles and skin of thighs, legs and feet; largest and longest nerve in body

A

sciatic nerve

113
Q

The autonomic nervous system is part of which nervous system?

A

PNS

114
Q
  • Functions without conscious effort
  • Helps maintain homeostasis
  • Prepares body for exercise
A

autonomic nervous system

115
Q
  • Prepares body for ‘fight or flight’; speeds body up

- Most active under energy-requiring, stressful, emergency situations

A

sympathetic division

116
Q
  • Prepares body for ‘resting and digesting’ activities; slows body down
  • Most active under resting, non-stressful conditions
A

parasympathetic division

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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