vocab Flashcards

1
Q

VHD

A

virtual hard disk

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2
Q

SLAT

A

second level address translation, aka nested paging: hardware-assisted virtualization technology that avoids the overhead of software-assisted shadow page tables

req’d processor feature for Server 2016

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3
Q

nic teaming

A

the process of combining multiple nic cards together for performance and redundancy

not supported in Nano Server

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4
Q

IoT

A

internet of things

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5
Q

Nano Server

A

The smallest possible installation option of Windows Server 2016, with no user interface

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6
Q

Volume Activation Services server role

A

enables you to automate and simplify the issuance and management of Microsoft software volume licenses for a variety of scenarios and environments. With the Volume Activation Services role, you can install and configure the Key Management Service (KMS) and enable Active Directory-based Activation

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7
Q

Automatic Virtual Machine Activation

A

allows you to install virtual machines on a properly activated Windows server without having to manage product keys for each individual virtual machine, even in disconnected environments.

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8
Q

Datacenter Edition

A

The most powerful edition of Server 2016.

  • ideal for highly virtualized and software-defined datacenter envs;
  • core-based licensing;
  • CALs needed
  • unlimited Hyper-V containers
  • Host Guardian and Nano Server support; advanced storage features: ex: Storage Spaces Direct and Storage Replica; shielded VM support
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9
Q

Standard Edition

A

The typical edition of Server 2016 for most medium to large businesses

  • ideal for low density and nonvirtualized envs
  • core-based licensing
  • CALs needed
  • max 2 Hyper-V containers
  • Host Guardian and Nano Server support
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10
Q

Essentials

A

The smallest edition of Server 2016, designed for small businesses.

  • <25 users and <50 devices
  • processor-based licensing
  • no CALs needed
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11
Q

CAL

A

client access license

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12
Q

DISM

A

Deployment Image Servicing and Management

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13
Q

MAP

A

Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit: collection of tools to make it easy to assess the current IT infrastructure for a variety of migration projects;

Solution Accelerator provides a powerful inventory, assessment, and reporting tool to simplify the migration planning process.

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14
Q

PowerShell Direct

A

A feature that permits commands to be run against VMs from a local PowerShell installation. Two methods:

  1. Create and exit a PowerShell Direct session using PSSession cmdlets.
  2. Run a script or command with the Invoke-Command cmdlet.
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15
Q

IOPS

A

input/output operations per second

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16
Q

Generation 1

A

.vhd

good for:

  • non-UEFI compatible VHD
  • VM will be migrated to Azure
  • unsupported boot method
  • OS doesn’t support gen 2 (or is 32bit)
    • Server 2008 / 2008r2
    • Win7
    • RHEL/CentOS 5.x and 6.x series
    • Debian 7.x series
    • any FreeBSD
    • Oracle Linux 6.x series
    • Oracle Linux UEK R3
    • SUSE Linux Ent Server 11 series
    • Open SUSE 12.3
    • Ubuntu 12.04
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17
Q

Generation 2

A

.vhdx

Advantages:

  • PXE boot
  • SCSI boot
  • Boot volume size
  • VHDX boot volume resizing
  • Software-based peripherals
  • Enhanced Session Mode
  • Shielded Virtual Machines
  • Storage Spaces Direct

supported OSs:

  • Server 2012 / 2012r2
  • Win8 / 8.1 / 10
  • RHEL/CentOS 7.x series
  • Debian 8.x series
  • Oracle Linux 7.x series
  • Oracle Linux UEK R4
  • SUSE Linux Ent Server 12 series
  • Ubuntu 14.04 and later
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18
Q

Private Virtual Switch

A
  • connects to a network used only by VMs on the Host that has the virtual switch
  • does NOT allow comm b/t Host and VMs
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19
Q

ReFS (v2) advantages over NTFS

A

ReFS = Resilient File System

  • gives Accelerated VHDX options in Hyper-V, for massive performance inc. when creating/extending a VHD, when merging checkpoints, and when performing backups.
  • A block cloning approach is key to excellent checkpoint performance.
  • Use of a 64 KB block size allows optimal performance in Hyper-V, with partition alignment handled automatically by Hyper-V.
  • When Storage Spaces pool uses ReFS as underlying on-disk format, it leverages new features to greatly improve the repair process.
  • ReFS v2 uses the concept of cluster “bands” to group multiple chunks of data together for efficient I/O, helping with your use of data tiering—specifically in moving data between tiers.
  • Automatic integrity checking
  • new data scrubbing techniques.
  • better protection against data degradation.
  • built-in drive recovery and redundancy.
  • supports up to 1 trillion terabytes.
  • faster creation of new volumes
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20
Q

ReFS (v2) disadvantages, vs. NTFS

A

ReFS = Resilient File System

  • cannot replace NTFS in all scenarios.
  • cannot use with Clustered Shared Volumes.
  • no conversion capability between NTFS and ReFS.
  • no file-based deduplication.
  • no disk quotas.
  • no object identifiers.
  • no encryption support.
  • cannot use named streams.
  • no transaction support.
  • no hard links.
  • no support for external attributes.
  • no support for 8.3 filenames.
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21
Q

SMB (share)

A

Server Message Block; for Windows shares; a network file sharing protocol that allows applications on a computer to read and write to files and to request services from server programs in a computer network.

The SMB protocol can be used on top of its TCP/IP protocol or other network protocols. Latest version = 3.0

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22
Q

NFS (share)

A

network file system; for Unix shares; allows a system to share directories and files with others over a network.

By using NFS, users and programs can access files on remote systems almost as if they were local files

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23
Q

Standard Format Disk

A

A disk that uses a 512-byte physical sector

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24
Q

Advanced Format Disk

A

A disk that uses a 4092-byte physical sector

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25
Q

MBR

A

Master Boot Record

An older partition style that does not support disk space larger than 2 TB.

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26
Q

GPT

A

GUID Partition Table

newer partition style that does support disk space larger than 2 TB

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27
Q

VHD or VHDX

A

virtual hard disk, which is a method of installing Nano Server

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28
Q

NTFS

A

New Technology File System

common file system for Windows Server 2016; started w/ Windows NT 3.1

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29
Q

iSCSI initiator

A

a client in the iSCSI network

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30
Q

iSCSI target

A

an iSCSI component that advertises storage to the iSCSI network

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31
Q

iSNS

A

Internet Storage Name Service: A protocol used for iSCSI resources

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32
Q

IQN

A

iSCSI Qualified Name: unique identifier that iSCSI uses to identify initiators and targets on an iSCSI network

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33
Q

iFCP

A

Internet Fibre Channel Protocol: a gateway-to-gateway network protocol standard which provides Fibre Channel fabric functionality to Fibre Channel devices over an IP network

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34
Q

DCB

A

Data Center Bridging: Priority-based flow control for a converged storage network

a suite of IEEE standards which enables converged fabrics in the data center, where storage, data networking, cluster IPC, and management traffic all share the same ethernet network infrastructure.

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35
Q

iSCSI

A

Internet Small Computer System Interface: IP-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities. It provides block-level access to storage devices by carrying SCSI commands over a TCP/IP network.

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36
Q

RDMA

A

Remote Direct Memory Access: direct memory access from the memory of one computer into that of another without involving either one’s operating system, which can be enabled on Hyper-V switches

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37
Q

RoCE

A

RDMA over Converged Ethernet (aka DCB)

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38
Q

MCS

A

Multiple Connected Session (as FYI)

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39
Q

MPIO

A

MultiPath I/O: resiliency feature for a SAN

iSCSI protocol for connection redundancy, which:

  • supports multiple NICs in an iSCSI initiator and iSCSI Target Server, so you can use MPIO to provide failover redundancy during network outages.
  • needs a device-specific module (DSM) if you want to connect to a third-party SAN device connected to the iSCSI initiator
  • is widely supported, but more complex to configure and is not as fully automated during failover as MCS
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40
Q

DSM

A

device-specific module, for connecting third-party SAN devices to the iSCSI inititator

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41
Q

Storage Replica

A

permits storage and agnostic data replication b/t clusters or servers

  • req’s Datacenter Edition
  • req’s GPT initalized disks
  • can be Server-to-Server, Cluster-to-Cluster, or Stretch Cluster (one cluster w/ nodes and storage in two locations, for failover of VMs b/t clusters)
  • one-to-one replication (no third location)
  • block level only
  • can be synchronous or asynchronous
  • can replicate data for open files

Appropriate for:

  • Virtual Machines
  • File Servers
  • SQL Server

… but not for:

  • SYSVOL
  • Exchange

Req’s:

  1. participants must be in a domain
  2. two vols per enclosure: data/logs
    - data vols must be of identical size and sector size
    - logs vols must be of identical size and sector sizes
  3. 1 Gbps and 5ms latency
  4. 4GB ram and >= 2 CPU cores
  5. firewalls must allow ICMP, SMB and WS-MAN bidirectional
  6. local admin perms
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42
Q

Storage Spaces

A

Virtual disks created from free space in a Storage Pool, as NTFS or ReFS; mgmt options:

  • Windows Storage Management API in WMI
  • PowerShell
  • File and Storage Services rol
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43
Q

Storage Pools

A

A collection of physical disks presented as logical disks (for example, one large logical disk).

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44
Q

Tiered Storage

A

an underlying principle of ILM (information lifecycle management). It is a storage networking method where data is stored on various types of media based on performance, availability and recovery requirements

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45
Q

chunk

A

section of a file selected by Data Deduplication chunking algorithm as likely to occur in other, similar files

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46
Q

chunk store

A

organized series of container files in the System Volume Information folder that Data Deduplication uses to uniquely store chunks

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47
Q

Dedup

A

Data Deduplication

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48
Q

file metadata

A

describes interesting properties about the file that are not related to the main content of the file.

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49
Q

file stream

A

The main content of a file (inre dedup processes)

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50
Q

file system

A

The software and on-disk data structure that an OS uses to store files on storage media.

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51
Q

file system filter

A

A plug-in that modifies the default behavior of the file system.

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52
Q

optimization

A

process in which a file is optimized (dedup’d) if it has been chunked, and its unique chunks have been stored in the chunk store

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53
Q

optimization policy

A

policy which specifies the files that should be considered for Data Deduplication.

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54
Q

reparse point

A

special tag that notifies the file system to pass off I/O to a specified file system filter.

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55
Q

volume

A

Windows construct for a logical storage drive that may span multiple physical storage devices across one or more servers

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56
Q

workload

A

An application that runs on Windows Server

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57
Q

Active Directory-Based Activation

A

role service that allows you to use Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) to store activation objects

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58
Q

advanced format disk

A

A disk that uses a 4092-byte physical sector.

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59
Q

affinity

A

The ability to control how a cluster reacts to repeated requests from the same client.

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60
Q

alerts

A

A Data Collector Set feature that allows you to configure notifications when counters breach certain thresholds

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61
Q

ACS

A

Azure Container Services: clustered virtual machines for running container-based applications

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62
Q

checkpoints

A

Point-in-time images of a virtual machine

63
Q

CAU

A

Cluster Aware Updating: Windows Update technology for clusters

64
Q

CNO

A

Cluster Name Object: An object for the cluster in Active Directory

65
Q

Cluster Operation Mode

A

A mode that determines whether a cluster uses unicast or multicast

66
Q

configuration version

A

A virtual machine’s compatibility settings

67
Q

CSVFS

A

A pseudo file system that sits on top of NTFS in a Clustered Shared Volume (CSV).

68
Q

CSV (not inre commas)

A

Clustered Shared Volume

69
Q

Data Collector Set

A

A tool that allows the collection of selected Performance Monitor data

70
Q

DDA

A

Discrete Device Assignment, which permits hardware to communicate directly with a VM

71
Q

differencing disk

A

A virtual hard disk that stores only changes from parent virtual hard disk.

72
Q

Docker

A

application for maintaining containers

73
Q

Docker Daemon

A

The actual running Docker engine on a container host

74
Q

Dockerfile

A

Instructions and statements for each instruction that create a Docker image

75
Q

DockerHub

A

A public repository for storing and sharing Docker images

76
Q

Drain on Shutdown

A

clustering feature that automatically live-migrates all the roles on a node before shutdown

77
Q

Enhanced Session Mode

A

A mode that permits a VM to use a local computer’s resources (USB drive, printer, etc)

78
Q

Extended (Chained) Replication

A

Hyper-V Replica using three hosts

79
Q

external virtual switch

A

A switch that connects to a wired physical network

80
Q

failback

A

A process in which a cluster moves a role back to the original node

81
Q

headless

A

Reference to the fact that Nano Server provides no user interface

82
Q

Hyper-V Container

A

A container that runs in a special lightweight VM

83
Q

Hyper-V Manager

A

The GUI that permits the management of Hyper-V

84
Q

Hyper-V Replica

A

A feature that provides replication of virtual machines from one host to another for disaster recovery scenarios

85
Q

internal virtual switch

A

A switch that is used only by the virtual machines on the host

86
Q

Virtual Switch Options (3)

A
  1. external virtual switch: connects to a wired physical network
  2. internal virtual switch: used only by the virtual machines on the host
  3. private virtual switch: does not permit communication between a host and VM
87
Q

KMS

A

key management service: A role service that allows you to activate systems within a network from a server where a KMS host has been installed.

88
Q

LIS / BIS

A
  • Linux Integration Services and drivers

- FreeBSD Integration Services and drivers

89
Q

live migration

A

The movement of a virtual machine from one host to another

90
Q

nested virtualization

A

The ability to run Hyper-V virtualization from within a virtual machine

91
Q

Network Health Protection

A

A tool that allows dynamic monitoring of a VM to see if it has a healthy network connection. If it does not, the cluster automatically live migrates the VM role to another node that does have a connection to that network

92
Q

NLB Cluster

A

Network Load-Balancing Cluster: group of hosts that dynamically distribute client traffic to hosts in a cluster.

93
Q

node fairness

A

A balancing technique in Windows Server 2016 which ensures that nodes in a cluster are not overtaxed with workloads.

94
Q

Nodes

A

members of a failover cluster

95
Q

NUMA

A

non-uniform memory access: computer memory design in which the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor

96
Q

pass-through disk

A

A disk that permits a VM access to the storage system of a host.

97
Q

Performance Monitor

A

An MMC that permits careful analysis of server performance.

98
Q

port rules (inre NLB Clusters)

A

Rules that define the types of TCP/IP traffic an NLB cluster processes

99
Q

PowerShell + DSC

A

A method of deploying Server 2016 and ensuring the consistency of the deployed configurations.

(DSC = Desired State Configuration)

100
Q

quick migration

A

An early form of the Live Migration that causes some delay in processing

101
Q

quorum

A

A method of preventing a split-brain cluster

102
Q

Split-brain cluster

A

a state in which a cluster of nodes gets divided (or partitioned) into smaller clusters of equal numbers of nodes, each of which believes it is the only active cluster

103
Q

resource metering

A

The gathering of resource utilization data for a VM

104
Q

Resource Monitor

A

A basic tool for quick analysis of performance data on a Server system

105
Q

rolling upgrade

A

An update of the OS in machines of a cluster on a gradual basis

106
Q

SoFS

A

Scale-Out File Server: a clustered role that provides highly available storage for applications

107
Q

Core Edition

A

An installation option for Windows Server 2016 that has no GUI

108
Q

Shared-Nothing Live Migration

A

The movement of a virtual machine and its storage from one host to another while not using clustering or shared storage

109
Q

Shared Virtual Hard Disk

A

A virtual hard disk used by multiple VMs

110
Q

Shielded Virtual Machine

A

A feature that allows the encryption of virtual machines.

111
Q

Simultaneous Upgrade

A

An update in which the NLB cluster is brought down and then all hosts are upgraded.

112
Q

Site-Aware clusters

A

Clusters in which the fault domain values are used with nodes to find the site the node belongs to in a stretch cluster

113
Q

Smart Paging

A

Disk paging used for temporary memory

114
Q

Storage Migration

A

The movement of a virtual machine’s files from one host to another.

115
Q

Storage Pool

A

A collection of physical disks that can be presented to users as logical disks

116
Q

Storage Quality of Service

A

New technology in Windows Server 2016 that enhances the IOPS of a virtual machine’s access storage

117
Q

Storage Replica

A

Storage-agnostic data replication between servers or clusters

118
Q

Storage Spaces

A

A storage virtualization technology in Windows Server 2016

119
Q

Storage Spaces Direct

A

A technology that makes shared clustered storage directly available to clusters using Storage Space–type technology

120
Q

Virtual Machine Queue

A

A type of hardware packet filtering that delivers packets from an outside virtual machine network directly to a VM host OS

121
Q

vNIC

A

virtual network interface card; this virtual component permits a virtual machine to connect to a network

122
Q

Windows Container Stack

A

networking components that permit container network access

123
Q

Windows Server Container

A

A container that achieves isolation through namespace and process isolation.

124
Q

Witness

A

A device that acts as a tie-breaker in a quorum

125
Q

container image (docker)

A

a lightweight, stand-alone, executable package of a piece of software that includes everything needed to run it: code, runtime, system tools, system libraries, settings

126
Q

Storage QoS

A

Storage Quality of Service: provides a way to centrally monitor and manage storage performance for VMs using Hyper-V and the Scale-Out File Server roles.

The feature automatically improves storage resource fairness between multiple virtual machines using the same file server cluster and allows policy-based minimum and maximum performance goals to be configured in units of normalized IOPs.

127
Q

DEP

A

data execution prevention, enabled by XD or NX bits.

128
Q

Intel VT

A

Intel Virtualization Technology

129
Q

AMD-V

A

AMD Virtualization Technology

130
Q

XD bit

A

Execute/Disable bit on Intel systems

131
Q

NX bit

A

No Execute bit on AMD systems

132
Q

EPT

A

Extended Page Tables: an Intel second-generation x86 virtualization technology for the memory management unit (MMU)

133
Q

MMU

A

Memory Management Unit

134
Q

memory weight

A

dynamic memory setting to prioritize the memory availability for a VM compared to other VMs on the host

135
Q

.vmcx

A

VM configuration settings

136
Q

.vmrs

A

VM runtime data

137
Q

SET

A

Switch Embedded Teaming: a new NIC teaming option for Hyper-V networks featuring integrated functionality that offers faster performance and better fault tolerance than traditional teaming.

138
Q

VMQ

A

Virtual Machine Queue: a type of hardware packet filtering that delivers packets from an outside virtual machine network directly to a virtualized host operating system, by allowing a NIC to transfer incoming frames directly to the NIC’s receive buffer, using Direct Memory Access (DMA)

139
Q

CNA

A

Converged Network Adapter: a single network interface card (NIC) that contains both a Fibre Channel (FC) host bus adapter (HBA) and a TCP/IP Ethernet NIC. It connects servers to FC-based storage area networks (SANs) and Ethernet-based local area networks (LANs).

140
Q

RAID

A

Redundant Array of Independent Disks

141
Q

JBOD

A

Just a Bunch of Disks

142
Q

SAS

A

Serial Attached SCSI

143
Q

stretch cluster

A

a cluster that divides between two or more sites, without shared storage connecting the sites. Use Storage Replica to replicate the data between the two sites, either synchronously or asynchronously.

144
Q

VSS

A

Volume Shadow copy Service

145
Q

fault domain

A

A fault domain is a set of hardware components that share a single point of failure. To be fault tolerant to a certain level, you need multiple fault domains at that level. For example, to be rack fault tolerant, your servers and your data must be distributed across multiple racks

146
Q

AES

A

Advanced Encryption Standard

147
Q

S2D

A

Storage Spaces Direct: uses industry-standard servers with local-attached drives (SAS, SATA, or NVMe) to create highly available, highly scalable software-defined storage at a fraction of the cost of traditional SAN or NAS arrays.

Each S2D cluster can be up to 16 nodes and 400 drives.

Rec:

  • at least 6 drives (2 SSD, 4 HDD)
  • no RAID or other disk intelligence
  • no partitioning
  • at least two 10-Gbps adapters per node

Architecture components:

  1. Network (SMB3)
  2. Scale-Out File Server (SoFS)
  3. Cluster Shared Volumes / ReFS
  4. Storage Space (Virtual Drives)
  5. Storage Pod
  6. Software Storage Bus
  7. Software-Defined Storage System
148
Q

NVMe (drives)

A

Non-Volatile Memory Express is a host controller interface and storage protocol created to accelerate the transfer of data between enterprise and client systems and SSDs over a computer’s high-speed PCIe bus

149
Q

Erasure coding (EC)

A

Erasure coding is a method of data protection in which data is broken into fragments, expanded and encoded with redundant data pieces and stored across a set of different locations or storage media.

150
Q

RAM levels

A
  • 512
  • 1024
  • 2048
  • 4096
  • 8192
  • 16384
  • 32768
151
Q

OSE

A

Operating system environment

152
Q

Windows Server 2016 MultiPoint Premium Server

A

for academics, allows multiple users to access a single installation

153
Q

Windows Storage Server 2016 Server

A

for OEMs, bundled as part of dedicated storage hardware solutions

154
Q

Windows Hyper-V Server 2016

A

zero cost, hypervisor-only download, no GUI, simply hosts VMs