Final

Question 1

Though liver cysts are usually incidental findings, what 2 thing might make you think it is a significant finding? (2 descriptive factors/characteristics of the cyst)

Answer 1

If cyst has a thickened wall (1) and/or internal echoes (2) it’s more likely to be significant

Question 2

Hepatic abscesses are most commonly due to which organism (in dogs)

Answer 2

E. coli

Question 3

Nodular hyperplasia in the liver typically appears as _______ (echogenicity) nodules; however, because they occur in ______ dogs, it’s important to rule out ________

Answer 3

hypoechoic;

older dogs

neoplasia

Question 4

The most common cause of a diffusely hypoechoic liver is?

Answer 4

Hepatitis

Question 5

An older neutered cat may have a hyperechoic renal cortex (without clinical signs of renal disease) due to?

Answer 5

Fat!

Question 6

The medullary rim sign is only thought to be significant in dogs if it’s present along with?

In cats, if other signs are concurrently present, a top differential should be?

Answer 6

a hypoechoic halo (around the hyperechoic rim)

FIP in cats

Question 7

In the kidney, simple cysts are considered to be an incidental finding. What characteristics of a cyst would cause you to be more concerned about it?

Answer 7

• Thick, irregular walls

* non-anechoic fluid

Question 8

What type of infarct (acute/chronic) do we see most often? What is it’s echogenicity?

Answer 8

Chronic–hyperechoic

Question 9

Concerning dilation of the renal pelvis
1) term for mild dilation & a common (iatrogenic) cause

2) term for marked dilation & most common cause

Answer 9

1) pyelectasia– fluid administration

2) hydronephrosis–obstruction

Question 10

Obstructions leading to hydronephrosis:

1) most common cause in dogs
2) most common cause in cats

Answer 10

1) tumor

2) ureteral stones

Question 11

Bladder wall changes assoc. with cystitis are most pronounced in which area?

Answer 11

cranioventral bladder wall

Question 12

Concerning the prostate:

1) most common type of neoplasia
2) the presence of what in a castrated dog would make you suspect neoplasia over prostatitis if prostate is enlarged

Answer 12

1) adenocarcinoma

2) areas of mineralization

Question 13

During what time frame of gestation is it recommended to check for pregnancy with u/s? Why?

Answer 13

24-27d

Heart beat becomes visible–can determine viability and not just if she’s pregnant or not

Question 14

Concerning fetal heart rates

1) what should it generally be (in relation to mother)
2) what rate indicates distress
3) what rate indicates an emergency?

Answer 14

1) 2x HR of mother
2) < 170
3) < 150

Question 15

Normal bladder wall thickness

1) dogs
2) cats

Answer 15

1) 2-3mm (up to 4mm if not distended)

2) 2mm (or less)

Question 16

Some sections of the GI tract have unique features. Name the unique thing about each of the following:

1) Ileum (cats)
2) stomach (cats)
3) colon

Answer 16

1) thicker submucosa and muscularis
2) submucosa is v. hyperechoic (lots of fat)
3) thin mucosal layer

Question 17

On ultrasound, ALL foreign bodies share what type of appearance?

Answer 17

Hyperechoic with strong, clean acoustic shadow

Question 18

When pancreatitis occurs, what types of changes do you expect to occur to:

1) pancreas
2) surrounding mesentery

Answer 18

1) becomes hypoechoic

2) becomes reactive (hyperechoic)

Question 19

How does the appearance of the pancreas differ btwn acute and chronic pancreatitis

Answer 19

chronic–the fibrosis causes it to become HYPERechoic

acute= hypo

Question 20

How can you differentiate a pancreatic pseudocyst from a retention cyst on ultrasound? Which one do we care about clinically?

Answer 20

Pseudocyst= more important!!!

pseudocyst–> thick, irregular walls; contents are echogenic; patient typically has clinical signs (repeat bouts of pancreatitis)

retention–> thin walled; anechoic fluid

Question 21

Enlargement of sternal lymph nodes should make you suspect pathology located where?

Answer 21

cranial abdomen

Question 22

Describe the normal appearance of abdominal lymph nodes on u/s

Answer 22

long, thin, hyperechoic

Question 23

Most commonly seen ln of parietal lymphocenter?

Answer 23

medial iliac (sublumbar)

Question 24

When following along the aorta/cvc, what vessel serves as your landmark for knowing you should be near the medial iliac lymph nodes

Answer 24

External iliac arteries

Question 25

The majority (80%) of feline LSA cases are assoc. with infection with?

Answer 25

Feline leukemia virus

Question 26

Hyperechoic nodules along the splenic margins in older dogs are likely?

Answer 26

Myleolipomas

Question 27

Why do we care more about splenic nodules/masses that distort the capsule?

Answer 27

greater risk for hemorrhage!

Question 28

Pneumatosis intestinalis is when there is gas present in which layer of the intestine

Answer 28

submucosa

Question 29

Which type of contrast study is best:

1) to evaluate for a ruptured bladder?
2) to evaluate bladder wall

Answer 29

1) Positive contrast

2) double contrast

Question 30

In what position should you place the patient to reduce risk of air embolism with negative contrast cystography?

Answer 30

left lateral