Final Week 9 - The Renaissance and Reformation Flashcards
Protestant Reformation:
The Protestant Reformation is the name that is used for the reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups.
Martin Luther:
Was a monk and a professor at the University of Wittenberg in Germany. Through his study of the Bible, Luther found an answer to a problem that had bothered him since he became a monk. Luther believed that people could never do enough good works to be saved. On October 31, 1517, Luther sent a list of Ninety-Five Theses to his church superiors. The theses (statements) were an attack on the selling of indulgences.
Indulgences:
a release from all or part of the punishment for sin
Justification by Faith:
people are not saved through their goods works but through their faith in God. If a person has faith in God, God makes that person just, or worthy of salvation. God grants salvation because he is merciful, not because of a person’s good works.
Anabaptist:
Many of the Protestant reformers allowed the state (government) to play an important role in church affairs. Some people were against the state having this kind of power. These people were called the Anabaptists. According to the Anabaptists, the true Christian church was a voluntary community of adult believers. Believers were first reborn spiritually and then baptized. This belief in adult baptism separated Anabaptists from Catholics and also other Protestants who baptized infants.
Henry VIII:
King of England who founded the Anglican Church, similar in beliefs to the Catholic church, but as he wanted to annul his marriage to marry Ana Bolena, he decided to form his own religious place.
John Calvin:.
John Calvin was born and educated in France. After he converted to Protestantism, he was forced to flee to Switzerland because France was still Catholic. In 1536, he published the Institutes of the Christian Religion, a summary of Protestant doctrines
Predestination: .
Predestination is the belief that God has determined in advance (predestined) who will be saved and who will be damned.
Catholic Reformation:
The most important points of this reformation were
Faith and good works were necessary for salvation.
The seven sacraments. The Catholic view of the Eucharist, and celibacy were all upheld.
The selling of indulgences was forbidden.
Council of Trent:
It was made up of Church leaders and theologians. The Council met off and on for 18 years. It reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings.
Inquisition:
Heresy is the denial of basic Church doctrines. The Church’s desire to deal with heretics (people who believed in heresies) led to the creation of a court called the Inquisition. The job of this court was to find and try heretics. The Dominicans were often the examiners of people suspected of heresy. If an accused heretic confessed, he or she was forced to repent publicly and then was physically punished, often by flogging.
Jesuits:
Jesuits were also known as the Society of Jesus. Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish nobleman, founded the Society. All Jesuits took a vow of absolute obedience to the pope. Jesuits used education to spread their message. Jesuit missionaries were very successful in restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe. They also spread it to other parts of the world.
Huguenots:
French Protestants who were influenced by John Calvin were called Huguenots. The Huguenots made up only about 7 percent of the total French population, but 40 to 50 percent of the nobility were Huguenots. The conversion of so many nobles made the Huguenots a threat to the French monarchy, which was strongly Catholic.
What was the fundamental message of Luther ‘s 95 Theses?
The theses (statements) were an attack on the selling of indulgences.
Why did Luther ‘s ideas gain widespread support?
- wanted to end Church corruption
- wanted to throw the Church and the Holy Roman Empire from rule
- wanted to obtain Church property as territory
- wanted to keep German taxes from going to the Church
