Mid Term Exam Vocabulary

Question 1

TENOCHTITLÁN

Answer 1

The capital city of the Aztec Empire. The city was built on marshy islands on the western side of Lake Tetzcoco, which is the site of present-day Mexico City.

Question 2

AZTEC

Answer 2

Mesoamerican people who were conquered by the Spanish under Hernan Cortes, 1519–1528.

Question 3

GREAT LEAGUE OF PEACE

Answer 3

An alliance of the Iroquois tribes, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, that used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across what is today eastern North America.

Question 4

CARAVEL

Answer 4

A fifteenth-century European ship capable of long-distance travel.

Question 5

RECONQUISTA

Answer 5

The “reconquest” of Spain from the Moors completed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella in 1492.

Question 6

CONQUISTADORES

Answer 6

Spanish term for “conquerors,” applied to Spanish and Portuguese soldiers who conquered lands held by indigenous peoples in central and southern America as well as the current states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.

Question 7

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Answer 7

The transatlantic flow of goods and people that began with Columbus’s voyages in 1492.

Question 8

CREOLES

Answer 8

Persons born in the New World of European ancestry.

Question 9

HACIENDA

Answer 9

Large-scale farm in the Spanish New World empire worked by Indian laborers.

Question 10

MESTIZOS

Answer 10

Spanish word for persons of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

Question 11

NINETY-FIVE THESES

Answer 11

The list of moral grievances against the Catholic Church by Martin Luther, a German priest, in 1517.

Question 12

LAS CASAS, BARTOLOMÉ DE

Answer 12

A Catholic missionary who renounced the Spanish practice of coercively converting Indians and advocated their better treatment. In 1552, he wrote A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies, which described the Spanish’s cruel treatment of the Indians.

Question 13

REPARTIMIENTO SYSTEM

Answer 13

Spanish labor system under which Indians were legally free and able to earn wages but were also required to perform a fixed amount of labor yearly. Replaced the encomienda system.

Question 14

BLACK LEGEND

Answer 14

Idea that the Spanish New World empire was more oppressive toward the Indians than other European empires; was used as a justification for English imperial expansion

Question 15

PUEBLO REVOLT

Answer 15

Uprising in 1680 in which Pueblo Indians temporarily drove Spanish colonists out of modern-day New Mexico.

Question 16

MÉTIS

Answer 16

Children of marriages between Indian women and French traders and officials.

Question 17

BORDERLAND

Answer 17

A place between or near recognized borders where no group of people has complete political control or cultural dominance.

Question 18

VIRGINIA COMPANY

Answer 18

A joint-stock enterprise that King James I chartered in 1606. The company was to spread Christianity in the New World as well as find ways to make a profit in it.

Question 19

ANGLICAN CHURCH

Answer 19

The established state church of England, formed by Henry VII after the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Question 20

ROANOKE COLONY .

Answer 20

English expedition of 117 settlers, including Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New World; the colony disappeared from Roanoke Island in the Outer Banks sometime between 1587 and 1590

Question 21

ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT

Answer 21

A legal process that divided large farm fields in England that were previously collectively owned by groups of peasants into smaller, individually owned plots. The enclosure movement took place over several centuries, and resulted in eviction for many peasants.

Question 22

INDENTURED SERVANTS

Answer 22

Settlers who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World; Virginia and Pennsylvania were largely peopled in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by English and German indentured servants.

Question 23

SMITH, JOHN

Answer 23

A swashbuckling soldier of fortune with rare powers of leadership and self-promotion who was appointed to the resident council to manage Jamestown.

Question 24

HEADRIGHT SYSTEM

Answer 24

A land-grant policy that promised fifty acres to any colonist who could afford passage to Virginia, as well as fifty more for any accompanying servants. The headright policy was eventually expanded to include any colonists—and was also adopted in other colonies.

Question 25

HOUSE OF BURGESSES

Answer 25

The first elected assembly in colonial America, established in 1619 in Virginia. Only wealthy landowners could vote in its elections.

Question 26

UPRISING OF 1622

Answer 26

Unsuccessful uprising of Virginia Native Americans that wiped out one-quarter of the settler population, but ultimately led to the settlers gaining supremacy.

Question 27

DOWER RIGHTS

Answer 27

In colonial America, the right of a widowed woman to inherit one-third of her deceased husband’s property.

Question 28

PURITANS

Answer 28

English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop in 1630.

Question 29

WINTHROP, JOHN

Answer 29

Puritan leader and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who resolved to use the colony as a refuge for persecuted Puritans and as an instrument of building a “wilderness Zion” in America.

Question 30

PILGRIMS

Answer 30

Puritan separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World aboard the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620.

Question 31

MAYFLOWER COMPACT

Answer 31

Document signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth; the document committed the group to majority-rule government.

Question 32

GREAT MIGRATION

Answer 32

Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years.

Question 33

DISSENTERS

Answer 33

Protestants who belonged to denominations outside of the established Anglican Church.

Question 34

CAPTIVITY NARRATIVES

Answer 34

Accounts written by colonists after their time in Indian captivity, often stressing the captive’s religious convictions.

Question 35

PEQUOT WAR

Answer 35

An armed conflict in 1637 that led to the destruction of one of New England’s most powerful Indian groups.

Question 36

HALF-WAY COVENANT

Answer 36

A 1662 religious compromise that allowed baptism and partial church membership to colonial New Englanders whose parents were not among the Puritan elect.

Question 37

ENGLISH LIBERTY

Answer 37

The idea that English people were entitled to certain liberties, including trial by jury, habeas corpus, and the right to face one’s accuser in court. These rights meant that even the English king was subject to the rule of law.

Question 38

ACT CONCERNING RELIGION (OR MARYLAND TOLERATION ACT)

Answer 38

1649 law that granted free exercise of religion to all Christian denominations in colonial Maryland.

Question 39

METACOM

Answer 39

The chief of the Wampanoags, whom the colonists called King Philip. He resented English efforts to convert Indians to Christianity and waged a war against the English colonists, one in which he was killed.

Question 40

KING PHILIP’S WAR

Answer 40

A multiyear conflict that began in 1675 with an Indian uprising against white colonists. Its end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the dispossession of the region’s Indians.

Question 41

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS

Answer 41

A series of laws enacted in 1689 that inscribed the rights of Englishmen into law and enumerated parliamentary powers such as taxation.

Question 42

LORDS OF TRADE

Answer 42

An English regulatory board established to oversee colonial affairs in 1675.

Question 43

MERCANTILISM

Answer 43

Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country.

Question 44

DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

Answer 44

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies—and later New York and New Jersey—by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later.

Question 45

NAVIGATION ACT

Answer 45

Law passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650–1775; enforcement of the act led to growing resentment by colonists.

Question 46

ENGLISH TOLERATION ACT

Answer 46

A 1690 act of Parliament that allowed all English Protestants to worship freely.

Question 47

COVENANT CHAIN

Answer 47

Alliance formed in the 1670s between the English and the Iroquois nations.

Question 48

SALEM WITCH TRIALS

Answer 48

A crisis of trials and executions in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692 that resulted from anxiety over witchcraft.

Question 49

YAMASEE UPRISING

Answer 49

Revolt of Yamasee and Creek Indians, aggravated by rising debts and slave traders’ raids, against Carolina settlers. Resulted in the expulsion of many Indians to Florida.

Question 50

SOCIETY OF FRIENDS (QUAKERS)

Answer 50

Religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the “inner light” or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.

Question 51

REDEMPTIONERS

Answer 51

Indentured families or persons who received passage to the New World in exchange for a promise to work off their debt in America.

Question 52

PLANTATION

Answer 52

An early word for a colony, a settlement “planted” from abroad among an alien population in Ireland or the New World. Later, a large agricultural enterprise that used unfree labor to produce a crop for the world market.

Question 53

WALKING PURCHASE

Answer 53

An infamous 1737 purchase of Indian land in which Pennsylvanian colonists tricked the Lenni Lanape Indians. The Lanape agreed to cede land equivalent to the distance a man could walk in thirty-six hours, but the colonists marked out an area using a team of runners.

Question 54

BACON’S REBELLION

Answer 54

Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley’s administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands.

Question 55

WALKING PURCHASE

Answer 55

An infamous 1737 purchase of Indian land in which Pennsylvanian colonists tricked the Lenni Lanape Indians. The Lanape agreed to cede land equivalent to the distance a man could walk in thirty-six hours, but the colonists marked out an area using a team of runners.

Question 56

GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

Answer 56

A coup in 1688 engineered by a small group of aristocrats that led to William of Orange taking the British throne in place of James II.

Question 57

BACKCOUNTRY

Answer 57

In colonial America, the area stretching from central Pennsylvania southward through the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and into upland North and South Carolina.

Question 58

STAPLE CROPS

Answer 58

Important cash crops; for example, cotton or tobacco.

Question 59

ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

Answer 59

The systematic importation of African slaves from their native continent across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World, largely fueled by rising demand for sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco.

Question 60

GREAT AWAKENING

Answer 60

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield

Question 61

MIDDLE PASSAGE

Answer 61

The hellish and often deadly middle leg of the transatlantic “Triangular Trade” in which European ships carried manufactured goods to Africa, then transported enslaved Africans to the Americas and the Caribbean, and finally conveyed American agricultural products back to Europe; from the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, some 12 million Africans were transported via the Middle Passage, unknown millions more dying en route.

Question 62

SERRA, FATHER JUNÍPERO

Answer 62

Missionary who began and directed the California mission system in the 1770s and 1780s. Serra presided over the conversion of many Indians to Christianity, but also engaged them in forced labor.

Question 63

YEOMAN FARMERS

Answer 63

Small landowners (the majority of white families in the Old South) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves.

Question 64

MIDDLE GROUND

Answer 64

A borderland between European empires and Indian sovereignty where various native peoples and Europeans lived side by side in relative harmony.

Question 65

STONO REBELLION

Answer 65

A slave uprising in 1739 in South Carolina that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

Question 66

REPUBLICANISM

Answer 66

Political theory in eighteenth-century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom.

Question 67

LIBERALISM

Answer 67

Originally, political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting the power of government to interfere with the natural rights of citizens; in the twentieth century, belief in an activist government promoting greater social and economic equality.

Question 68

SALUTARY NEGLECT

Answer 68

Informal British policy during the first half of the eighteenth century that allowed the American colonies considerable freedom to pursue their economic and political interests in exchange for colonial obedience.

Question 69

ENLIGHTENMENT

Answer 69

Revolution in thought in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion.

Question 70

DEISM

Answer 70

Enlightenment thought applied to religion; emphasized reason, morality, and natural law.

Question 71

SEVEN YEARS’ WAR

Answer 71

The last—and most important—of four colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River.

Question 72

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

Answer 72

The last—and most important—of four colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River.

Question 73

PONTIAC’S REBELLION

Answer 73

An Indian attack on British forts and settlements after France ceded to the British its territory east of the Mississippi River, as part of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, without consulting France’s Indian allies.

Question 74

NEOLIN

Answer 74

A Native American religious prophet who, by preaching pan-Indian unity and rejection of European technology and commerce, helped inspire Pontiac’s Rebellion.

Question 75

PROCLAMATION OF 1763

Answer 75

Royal directive issued after the French and Indian War prohibiting settlement, surveys, and land grants west of the Appalachian Mountains; caused considerable resentment among colonists hoping to move west.

Question 76

ALBANY PLAN OF UNION

Answer 76

A failed 1754 proposal by the seven northern colonies in anticipation of the French and Indian War, urging the unification of the colonies under one crown-appointed president.