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Repro > First year cards > Flashcards

First year cards Flashcards

1
Q

Primordial follicles

A

Primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells

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2
Q

Roles of testosterone

A 
(made in the leydig cells)
- male repro organs
- age 12-12 spermatogenesis
secondary sex characteristics
- growth of larynx
- stimulating anabolism
- inc sex drive
- inc RBC (EPO kidneys)
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3
Q

Functions of oestrogen

A
  • inc utero-placental blood flow
  • inc maternal hepatic production of angiotensinogen
  • inc maternal production of renin
  • breast growth
  • inc no of lactotroph cells
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4
Q

Structures that drain to superficial inguinal nodes

A

Male

  • scrotum
  • penis

Female
- vulva

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5
Q

Number of sperm that come from primary spermatocyte

A

4

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6
Q

Hormones secreted by granulosa cells

A
  • estrogen
  • progestrone
  • inhibin
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7
Q

Causes of suppression of ovulation

A
  • starvation
  • emotional stress
  • severe exercise
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8
Q

Follistatin

A

Inhibits FSH (weakly)

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9
Q

Enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT

A

5 alpha reductase

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10
Q

Features of menopause

A
  • oestrogen withdrawal syndrome
  • loss of menses
  • Inc a lot FSH
  • hot flushes
  • insomnia
  • vaginal atrophy
  • decrease breast size
  • decrease skin elasticity
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11
Q

Ejaculation

A
  • contraction of smooth muscles of the urethra (SNS) and striated muscles (somatic)
  • control: spinal reflex (somatic) mediated by pudendal nerve S2-S4
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12
Q

Emission

A

SNS activation

  • smooth muscles of prostate, vas deferens, seminal vesicles contract to expel semen.
  • control: alpha adrenergic SNS through hypogastric nerve
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13
Q

Ejaculation vs emission

A

Emission involves the production and release of semen from your reproductive glands and the contraction of your reproductive ducts, which propel the sperm into the urethra of your penis.

Ejaculation is the releasing of sperm and semen from the urethra.

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14
Q

What stage are eggs in until puberty?

A

Primary oocytes

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15
Q

Biosynthesis of oestrogen in placenta

A

Much of the steroid that is released by the fetal and maternal adrenals during pregnancy is the sulfated form of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA-S), which is used by the placenta to produce estrogens.

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16
Q

Microstructure of seminal vesicles

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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17
Q

Size of prostate

A

2.5 x 3.5 x 4.5cm

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18
Q

Gubernaculum forms

A

Men:
scrotal ligament

Women:
ovarian ligament
round ligament

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19
Q

Precursor for leydig/thecal

A

Subendothelial mesenchyme

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20
Q

Progesterone is secreted by

A
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • adrenal glands
  • placenta
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21
Q

DHT

A

dihydrotestosterone

22
Q

Hormonal control of spermatogenesis

A
  • FSH initiates
  • testosterone (maintains and inhibits FSH secretion)
  • inhibin (inhibits further FSH secretion)
23
Q

Hormones of breast development

A
  • oestrogen
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin (alveoli development and milk secretion)
24
Q

Glandular acini

A
  • hollow alveoli lined with single layer of myoepithelial cells
25
Q

Mechanism of erection

A

PNS activation through pelvic nerve

  • smooth muscles of lacunar space of corpora cavernosa are relaxed
  • blood flow to penis
  • compression of veins
26
Q

Flaccid penis

A

SNS activation through hypogastric nerve

  • smooth muscles of the lacunar space of the corpora cavernosa are contracted
  • limited folw
27
Q

Testosterone

A
  • type of androgen
  • secreted by:
    leydig cells (95%)
    thecal cells
    placenta
    adrenal cortex
  • most potent androgen
28
Q

Precocious puberty

A

secondary sexual characteristics in
girls <8
boys <9

29
Q

Risks of menopause

A
  • oestrogen decreases, vasodilation decreases, risk of CV disease increases
  • oestrogen decreases, PTH increases, risk of osteoporosis
  • oestrogen decreases, ovarian follicles decrease, small ovaries
  • nocturnal melatonin decreases causing altered sleep
30
Q

Location of ovaries

A
  • 2 x 4 x 2.5 cm ovals
  • lateral and posterior to uterus
  • attached to uterus by the ovarian ligament
31
Q

Length between cycles

A

Young 21-45

Adults 21-35 (average 28)

32
Q

Parts of the fallopian tube

A 
Cornula (corner  part between uterus and tube)
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum
Fimbria
33
Q

Effects of oxytocin

A
  • simulation of the myoepithelial cells lining lacteriferous ducts to contract
  • surge in prolactin -> more milk for next feed
34
Q

Zones of prostate

A
  • central glandular
  • transitional zone
  • peripheral glandular zone
35
Q

Definition of premature birth

A

< 37 weeks

Risk factors

  • mothers <18, >35
  • twins
  • infection -> increase of prostaglandins
36
Q

GnRH frequences in female cycle

A

Follicular phase: rapid

Early luteal phase: slow

Late luteal phase: slowest

37
Q

Estrone

A
  • type of oestrogen

- secreted by granulosa cells

38
Q

Process of parturition

A
  • short high intensity frequent contractions of myometrium
  • softening and dilation of the cervix
  • rupture of the foetal membrane
39
Q

Phases of parturition

A

Phase 0: Quiescence
Phase 1: Activation
Phase 2: Stimulation
Phase 3: Post parturition involution

40
Q

Hormones and proteins of phase 0

A

Inhibitors of myometrium activity:

  • progesterone
  • prostacyclin (PGI2)
  • NO
41
Q

Hormones and proteins of phase 1

A

Oestrogens leading to increases in:

  • prostaglandin Rs
  • oxytocin Rs
  • ion channels for gap junctions
42
Q

Hormones and proteins of phase 2

A

Activators of myometrium:

  • prostaglandins PGE2 PGF2alpha
  • oxytocin
43
Q

Hormones and proteins of phase 3

A

oxytocin

44
Q

What suppresses luteinizing hormone release from the anterior pituitary?

A

Estradiol

45
Q

Inhibin

A

Lowers FSH

46
Q

Secreted by ovarian follicles

A 
estradiol
estrogen (new layer of endometrium)
47
Q

Breast development in pregnancy

A
  • CG -> rapid growth and branching
  • inc vascularity
  • sustained progesteroin leads to complete alveolar differentiation
  • alveolar secretion
48
Q

Androstenedione

A
  • type of androgen
  • made in theca cells (response to LH)
  • passes to granulosa cells ->estrogen
49
Q

Where is androstenedione secreted?

A
  • women:
    theca cells (50%)
    adrenal gland (50%)
  • men: testes
50
Q

Seizures linked to menstrual cycle

A

catemenial epilepsy

Repro (12 decks)

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