MIXED BLOCKS I Flashcards
Number need to harm
1/AR
In Paget Disease of the bone. The initial phase of the disorder is _____.
Increased osteoclast activity
A drug that reduces (inhibits) uterine relaxation and causes dilation of the eyes (mydriasis) will work on which receptor?
Alpha and Beta - adrenergic agonist
What is likely decreased in nephrotic syndrome causing symmetric pitting edema?
Plasma Oncotic Pressure
Skin tumors associated to Neurofibromatosis Type I (von Recklinghausen) disease is from. ____________
Neural Crest
What mechanism does Eosinophils use to kill Shistosomiasis when stimulated?
Anti-body - dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
What condition causes a gain of function mutation of a Non-Receptor Tyrosine kinase protein in hematopoietic cells leading to persistent activation of signal transducers and activator of transcription (stats) protein?
Primary myelofibrosis
What is the adult derivative of the metanephric mesoderm that give rise or drives differentiation into tissue forming the mature kidney?
Distal Convlated Tubile, also Loop of Heale, glomeruli Bowman space, proximal tubules.
A person with Kyphosocoliosis, pes cavus, and bilateral lower extremity ataxia is of an increased risk of dying from ___________
Cardiomyophathy
Clinical improvement of myasthenia gravis after infusion of endropinonium indicates. ____________
Undertreated myasthenic crises
Impairment of which protective mechanism contributes to Mycobaterium Tuberculosis infection?
Interferon Signal
Leg immobilization associated with a cast that causes shrinkage of the leg (makes is smaller) is also seen in…
Adrenal Gland during prolonged Glucocorticoid therapy
Which medication is used to treat major depressive disorder and smoking cessation?
Bupropion
Which nerve is damaged in an anteromedial displacement of the supracondylar humeral fracture?
Median Nerve
Lymph from upper part of rectum drains to the ______
Inferior mesenteric nodes.
Dilation of eyes (drug)
Alpha adrenergic agnosit
Plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine levels excessive greater than normal is caused by……
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
What is Relative Risk?
(a/a+b) / (c/c+d)
Which patients are easily infected with vibrio cholera (oxidase +, gram-negative bacilli that grow on selective alkaline media)?
Chronic Omeprazole users
What is positive predictive value?
a/a+b
What protein processing accounts for a single gene that codes for various unique proteins by selectively including or excluding different DNA coding regions (Exons) into mature MRNA?
Alternative Spicing
how do we prevent infection of meningococcal pilus antigen?
By preventing adherence to nasopharynx epithelial cells.
What are two types of pneumococcal vaccines designed against strep pneumonia, meningitis
Conjugate vaccines and Polysaccharide vaccine
What is specificity?
d/d+b
Gastric varices are commonly due to portal hypertension which is a complication of cirrhosis. Gastric varices can also be caused by ______
Splenic Vein Thrombosis
An autopsy in a patient that had a seizure and fever showed bilateral hemorrahagic necrosis of the inferior and medial temporal lobes. The condition is mostly caused by ________.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV encephalitic).
What enzyme is responsible for the color of greenish sputum (Community Acquired Strep Pneumonia)?
Myeloperoxidase
Punch out lesions with overlying thin membrane on the scalp. A small membranous sac with loop of bowl from the abdomen midline. What is responsible for this condition?
Patau Syndrome
What is the antidote for Serotonin Syndrome -(neuromuscular dysfunction) autonomic instability (rapid and large changes in blood pressure and heart rate)?
Cyproheptadine
Phase II
glucuronidation methylation, acetylation.
Entercoccus use beta-lactamase or low affinity penicillin-binding protein. This helps with resistance agonist ______________
Penicillin
A patient with COPD that received a high oxygen concentration can lead to increased CO2 retention (oxygen induced hyperapnia) leading to lethargy and confusion. This clinical decline is attributed to
Dead Space Ventilation
What is the formula for relative risk?
(a/a+b) / (c/c+d)
What is negative predictive value?
d/d+c
Pulsatile vessels within the intercostal space and diminished femoral pulses relative to the brachial pulses are suggestive of ______________
Tuner Syndrome (45, xo) associated with coarctation of aorta
What nerve lies in close proximity to the inferior thyroid artery?
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
What is the function or what does nitroglycerin do to improve cardiac symptoms (hemodynamic changes)?
Decreases the left ventricular end-diastolic volume
Inhibition of uterine contraction
Beta adrenergic agonist
Terbutaline, Indomethacin, Nifedipine, magnesium sulfate
What is the mechanism of action of the exotoxin (Diphtheria toxin)?
Intracellular Protein Ribosyliation
What is the virulence factor for E-coli that causes pneumonia and neonatal meningitis?
Capsule
An anesthetic injection between the right anterior and middle scalene muscle will paralyze which other muscle?
Diaphragm
What is the next best step in treating Myasthenia Gravis?
Increase Pyridostigmine dose
Mean Arterial Pressure
Cardiac output - Total Peripheral Resistance
Trimethoprim (bacteria), Methotrexate (human cell) , pyrimethamine protozoa.) - all prevent reduction of _____
Folic Acid to tetrahydrofolate
What does KRAS have to bind to for it to be active?
GTP
What diagnostic test result is most specific for acute cholecytitis
Failed gallbladder visualization on radionuclide biliary scan
Patients on Lamotrigine should be advised to see a physician immediately when they develop a…….
Skin Rash
Increased vagal tone, causing slowing of conduction through the AV, inhibition of Na-K-ATPase causing intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ increases cardiac contractility is associated with _________________
Digoxin
Gram-positive cocci that synthesize dextrans from sucrase is associated with (strep viridans)….
Dental Caries
A smoker whose biopsy shows bronchial mucosa that microscopically reveals areas of stratified squamous epithelium is similar to _________________
Barrett Esophagus
Uncontrolled hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus are the major risk factors involved in infaction of small vessels penetrating and supplying deep brain structures. These occlusions are due to….
Lipohyalinosis with small vessel occlusion and microatheroma.
Ejection Fraction
EDV - ESV
________
EDV
What enzyme is deficient in Pompe disease? (present in infancy, with marked cardiomegaly, severe generalized hypotonia, macroglossia, and hepamegaly)
Alpha-1,4 Glucosidase
Which organism is responsible for recurrent transient pulmonary infiltrate in a patient with bronchial asthma. (Cystic Fibrosis).
Aspergillus fumigatus
Decrease serum complement of C1 is a sign of angioedema. What medication is contraindicated in it?
(Ace Inhibitors) - Captopril
Ace-inhibitors can cause angio edema
Long term use of which .medication is suppose to reduce motality in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
Lisinopril
Which structure is most likely to be injured during hysterectomy due to its close proximity to the uterine structures?
Ureters
Grayish discoloration of the macula with areas of adjacent hemorrahage. No history of diabetes mellitus or hypertention (age-related macula degeneration - AMD) treatment should target what?
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
What cellular function is protein-ribonucleic acid complex in SLE?
Removal of introns from RNA transcripts
A person with lower knee pain is given celecoxib therapy. What condition makes this drug a good choice?
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Demyelination of peripheral nerves in response to administration of myeline-like substance. Production of T-cell response is _____
Guillain-Barre Syndrome