Epidermiology

Question 1

Epidemiology is

Answer 1

Study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related state and events in a specific population. Look at the population.

Question 2

Epidemiology outbreak model:

Answer 2

• Verify the Dx
• Confirm of the outbreak
• Identify the affected persons and characteristics
• Defines and investigates the population at risk
• generating the hypothesis
• containing the outbreak

Question 3

First one notice the link between environment and health?

What did he notice and record:

Answer 3

Hippocrates

Upstream vs downstream of a river (dirt and bacteria in downstream)

Question 4

Plague epidemics, 30%-50% of the population died. What was the link with environment?

Answer 4

Plague transmitted through parasite on rat.

Question 5

William Farr and Jonh Snow initiated what?

Answer 5

Statistical data in England that clear the relationship between death and job. John snow linked cholera with sources of water contaminated

Question 6

Florence Nightingale works as epidemiology?

Answer 6

Collected data, did polar diagram on crimean war in Turkey cause of dead/disease and each period of time (each month)

Question 7

Venn diagram component?

Answer 7

Factor that may increase risk grouped:

• Host Caracteristics (genetics profile, age, sexe..)
• Agent Types/ caracteristics (biological/infectious, chemical, physical harm, nutritionnal, psychological)
• Environmental caracteristics (Physical- weather, geographical, Biological-plants, Social-neirbohood,work, home)

Question 8

Causation

Answer 8

Causation is when the association is confirmed beyond doubt. Statistical cause and effect relationship.
Necessary (stressor present) and sufficient (enough exposure)

Question 9

Association

Answer 9

= correlation (between 1 and 0)

Question 10

Web of causation is

Answer 10

helpful to visualize the relationship between many causes related to a heath prob/challenges (Causation is multifactoriel)

Question 11

Mesurement use in epidemiology:

Answer 11

Rate express in fraction

Question 12

Crude mortality rate:

Answer 12

total death in a year of a population/ average total population in same year.

Question 13

Specific mortality rate:

Answer 13

total death in a year of a sub-population/average total pop. in same year.

Question 14

Infant death rate

Answer 14

total death in a year in a pop./total live birth in same population

Question 15

Prevalence rate

Answer 15

nb of people with given disease in a given population at one point in time/ total in given population at the same point

Question 16

Incidence rate

Answer 16

nb of new cases of given disease in population in given time (one year)/ average total pop. in same time

Question 17

Relative risk

Answer 17

incidence rate of disease in exposed pop.(with risk factor)/incidence of disease in unexposed pop.(without risk factor)

Question 18

Mortality rates is complete and easy to obtain, what are the measurement possible about mortality?

Answer 18

Cude mortality rate
Specific mortality rate
Proportional mortality rate (Pie chest)
potential years of life lost (eg. HIV, bc in youth people = high potential of life lost)

Question 19

What are the 2 traditional indicators commonly use to measure and compare a country’s progress in terms of heath status?

Answer 19

1. Infant mortality

2. Life expectancy

Question 20

Maternal mortality why is important?

Eg. of death?

Answer 20

The mother but often baby will also die.

eg.: bleed to death

Question 21

Survival rates is

Answer 21

the people with disease that live with it.

Question 22

Case-fatality rate is

Answer 22

How likely a person will die from a disease

Question 23

Incidence is expressed as:

Answer 23

Number of new cases/ total population

Question 24

Prevalence is expressed as:

Answer 24

Number of existing cases of disease (new and old)/ total population during same time

Question 25

1. Incidence vs prevalence? 2. Which is more important and why?

Answer 25

1. Incidence= new case vs prevalence= existing case(new+old)

2. incidence more important bc can intervene.

Question 26

Eg. of 1. similar and 2. difference in the incidence and prevalence rate.

Answer 26

1. Chicken Pox, Ebola (short lived disease)

2. Cancer

Question 27

Ex. of Relative risk:

Answer 27

Lung cancer in smokers/lung cancer in non-smoker

Question 28

If the result of the rate is 1=

Answer 28

Stressors (eg. smoking) has no effect.

Question 29

If the result of the rate is >=

Answer 29

Stressors (eg.smoking) as effect.

Question 30

If the result of the rate is <=

Answer 30

Stressors (eg.smoking) has no effect on the diseases.

Question 31

Surveillance of diseases in epidemiology:

Answer 31

Constant monitoring to assess patterns and quickly indentify events that do not fit the pattern.

Question 32

Surveillance of infectious diseases:

Answer 32

Monitoring people with the disease and their contacts.

Question 33

Surveillance of a disease with genetic component:

Answer 33

Data can be collected through extended family relationship.

Question 34

Extent of questions in epidemiology:

Answer 34

Who? What? When? Where?

+ 2bonus: How? Why?

Question 35

What is the classical epidemiologic triangle?

Answer 35

Vienn diagram including 3 components: Host, agent typs and environmental characteristics.

Question 36

Type of Morbidity rates:

Answer 36

Prevalence
Incidence
Relative risk
point prevalence
period prevalence