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Ecology (BSC 385) > Final (Previous Test Questions) > Flashcards

Final (Previous Test Questions) Flashcards

1
Q 
Genetic drift:
A. Always oppose natural selection 
B. Is more significant in small populations 
C. Is the result of gene flow 
D. Depends on the fitness of the alleles
E. None of the above
A

B

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2
Q 
The most comprehensive level of biological organization is the:
A.Ecosystem
B. Species
C. Hierarchal level 
D. None of the above
A

A

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3
Q 
The gene pool is characterized by: 
A. Allele frequencies
B. Mutations
C. Its DNA sequences
D. Mendel’s laws
E. None of the above
A

A

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4
Q 
An adaptation is a feature of the organism that:
A. Increases its population size.
B. Increases its fitness.
C. Affects other organisms.
D. Does not include behavior.
E. Does not include morphology
A

B

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5
Q 
- Which of the following is not an assumption of the Hardy–Weinberg model? 
A. Mating is random. 
B.No differential success of genotypes. 
C. Population size is finite.
D. No net movement of alleles.
E. No new mutations.
A

C

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6
Q

What is the significance of a population that is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium?
A. It is not evolving.
B. Selection and gene flow are in equilibrium.
C. Each genotype occurs in equal frequency.
D. The values of p and q are equal.
E. None of the above.

A

A

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7
Q 
Resistance to pesticides:  
A. Is an example of gene flow. 
B. Arises by genetic drift. 
C. Is the result of long-term changes in the pesticide. 
D. Depends on mutations. 
E. None of the above.
A

D

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8
Q 
- Behavioral thermoregulation: 
A. Is most important in homeotherms 
B. Is an example of aestivation 
C. May include basking 
D. Never occurs in poikilotherms
E. None of the above
A

C

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9
Q 
The excretion of nitrogenous wastes involving a trade-off between: 
A. Solubility and energy content 
B. Solubility and toxicity 
C. Toxicity and matric potential 
D. Toxicity and metabolic water 
E. None of the above
A

B

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10
Q 
Which of the following is not a cost of migration?
A. Higher mortality 
B. Energetic demands 
C. Predation 
D. Negative social interactions 
E. None of the above
A

D

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11
Q

-The principal of allocation states that:
A. Energy is allocated, but other physical resources are not
B. Fitness is highest when all energy is allocated to reproduction
C. Fitness is highest when all energy is allocated to survival
D. Some adaptations preclude others
E. None of the above

A

D

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12
Q
  • The law of tolerance states that:
    A. Physical factors are always tolerated.
    B. There are limits to the physical factors organisms can tolerate.
    C. The higher a species’ tolerance, the more successful it is.
    D. Physical resources are more important than physical factors.
    E. None of the above.
A

B

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13
Q

Arctic tundra has low seasonal variation in temperature.

  • True
  • False
A

F

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14
Q
  • Day length and temperature change with latitude because:
    A. Sunlight strikes the equator at a 90* angle.
    B. Of the tilt of the earth’s axis.
    C. Of the west-to-east rotation of the earth.
    D. Of north-and-south-facing slopes.
    E. None of the above
A

B

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15
Q

What is the significance of the Wallace’s line?
A. Boundary between two distinct biomes
B. Delineation between two distinct biogeographical realms
C. Line between the tropical savanna and tropical rainforest
D. The location of the Panama Canal
E. None of the above

A

B

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16
Q

Many deserts are found at 30N and 30S because:
A. Most mountain ranges are located at those latitudes
B. Solar radiation is most intense there
C. Cool air rises in these regions
D. Warm, dry air returns to the earth’s surface there
E. None of the above

A

D

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17
Q 
- Which biome are we in right now?
A. Temperate grassland
B. Tropical forest
C. Temperate deciduous forest
D. Conifer forest
E. Tundra
A

C

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18
Q
  • Some parts of the Earth receive more total hours of daylight over the course of a year than others.
  • True.
  • False.
A

F

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19
Q 
- Pick the two primary drivers of biome type. 
A. Continent and altitude. 
B. Continent and precipitation. 
C. Altitude and precipitation. 
D. Temperature and precipitation. 
E. Continent and temperature
A

D

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20
Q 
Drip tips, epiphytes, shallow root systems and buttressed trunks are all characteristics of which biome? 
A. Deserts. 
B. Temperate deciduous forest. 
C. Boreal forest. 
D. Tropical rainforest. 
E. None of the above.
A

D

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21
Q 
A fourth order stream is formed when: 
A. Two second-order streams join 
B. A first-order and third-order stream join 
C. Two third-order streams join 
D. Two fifth-order streams join
E. None of the above
A

C

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22
Q 
- What factors influence oxygen along the river continuum?
A. Temperature
B. Photosynthesis 
C. Reaeration from the atmosphere
D. Respiration 
E. All of the above
A

E

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23
Q
  • Lakes become stratified:
    A. Because waters of different density tend not to mix
    B. The thermocline disappears
    C. The epilimnion lies above the hypolimnion
    D. Oxygen is limiting
A

A

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24
Q

Ocean acidification is affecting the biological pump by…
A. Increasing the amount of HCO3 for algae.
B. Decreasing sinking rates of calcified phytoplankton.
C. Decreasing abundance of some species in the pelagic food web.
D. All of the above.

A

D

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25
Q 
- Which of the following do not help to define heritability in the narrow sense? 
A. Additive genetic variance. 
B. Dominance. 
C. Environmental variation. 
D. Selection. 
E. None of the above.
A

B

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26
Q

Bateman’s principle states that:
A. Males experience greater variation in reproductive success than females
B. Females experience greater variation in reproductive success than males
C. Males and females reproductive success must be equal
D. Heritability of male traits is higher than for female traits
E. None of the above

A

A

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27
Q 
Purely monogamous systems: 
A. Do not occur in nature
B. Are characteristic of lek species
C. Cannot be proven
D. Require no parental care
E. None of the above
A

E

28
Q 
Polygyny is more likely to occur when 
A. Females are widely scattered. 
B. Males outnumber females 
C. Critical resources are defensible
D. Males live longer than females
E. None of the above
A

C

29
Q
  • Which of the following characteristics are required to define an evolutionary population?
    A. A group of individuals that occupy a defined area and the boundaries determined by barriers to gene flow and mating.
    B. A group of individuals that mate at random and the boundaries determined by relevant environmental changes.
    C. A group of individuals that occupy a defined area and the boundaries determined by relevant environmental changes.
    D. A group of individual that mate at random and the boundaries determined by barriers to gene flow and mating.
    E. All of the above
A

D

30
Q

Sexual dimorphism is likely to evolve when:
A. Males experience greater variation in reproductive success than females
B. Females experience greater variation in reproductive success than males.
C. Male and female reproductive success must be equal.
D. Heritability of male traits is higher than for female traits.
E. None of the above

A

A

31
Q 
Which of the following helps to maintain genetic variation? 
A. Genetic Drift
B. Directional Selection 
C. Frequency Dependent Selection 
D. Inbreeding 
E. None of the above
A

C

32
Q 
Subspecies or races:
A. Cannot interbreed 
B. Are morphologically distinct 
C. Inhabit the same region
D. A, B, and C 
E. None of the above
A

B

33
Q
  • Under the Red Queen hypothesis:
    A. Sex compensates for the rapid evolution of parasites
    B. Sex does not need to be an ESS
    C. Hosts evolve more rapidly than their parasites
    D. Only the queen can reproduce
    E. None of the above
A

A

34
Q 
What is the likely end result of genetically isolated ecotypes?
A. Phenotypic Plasticity 
B. Speciation 
C. Migration 
D. Intraspecific variation 
E. None of the above
A

B

35
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity:
A. Is unimportant to evolution
B. Is the direct result of the environment on the genotype
C. Is the direct result of the environment of the phenotype
D. Occurs in traits with high heritability
E. None of the above

A

C

36
Q
  • In a coarse-grained environment:
    A. The organism experiences one or a few environments
    B. The organism experiences many environments
    C. The movement of the organisms are large relative to the patch sizes
    D. Grains are equal to patch size
    E. None of the above
A

A

37
Q 
What leads to a population increase?
A. Increase in birth rates
B. Increased emigration 
C. Increased immigration 
D. A and C
E. All of the above
A

D

38
Q
  • When a population passes through a bottleneck:
    A. Its Ne may remain low after the population recovers
    B. Its Ne is not effected
    C. Its Ne increases
    D. Its Ne is lower before the population decline
    E. None of the above
A

A

39
Q
  • Which survivorship curve best fits a population with a large number of offspring per parent living close to carrying capacity?
    A. Type 1
    B. Type 2
    C. Type 3
A

C

40
Q 
The net reproductive rate is calculated: 
A. From the sum of the Ix column 
B. From the sum of the bx column 
C. From the sum of the nxIx column 
D. From the sum of the Ixbx column 
E. None of the above
A

D

41
Q

A type I survivorship curve is characterized by:
A. Low infant mortality, then low survival
B. High infant mortality, the high survival
C. A long lifespan
D. A constant mortality rate
E. None of the above

A

B

42
Q

The Lincoln index assumes that:
A. Marked and unmarked individuals die at different rates
B. Marked and unmarked individuals mix in the population
C. Marking individuals makes them more likely to be captured
D. The population size changes between time 1 and time 2
E. None of the above

A

B

43
Q

The Poisson distribution describes a population distribution in which:
A. The population size is changing through time and space
B. The population is independent of the grid size
C. The population is randomly distributed
D. The population is not changing

A

C

44
Q
  • If I marked 20 individuals and then caught 10 individuals later, 5 of which were marked, how many total individuals are in the population N = (n1 * n2)/nm
A

(20*10)/5 = 40

45
Q

In a type II survivorship curve mortality is constant with age.

  • True
  • False
A

T

46
Q
  • The distribution of resources can determine population dispersion.
  • True
  • False
A

T

47
Q

Why should habitat or sex affect the survivorship curve?
A. Because habitat quality is important
B. Because males and females differ in survival
C. Females can experience mortality because of the effort of carrying young
D. All of the above

A

D

48
Q 
A population grows when r, the intrinsic rate of increase: 
A. Is equal to zero 
B. Is greater than zero
C. Is less than zero
D. None of the above
A

B

49
Q 
Density independent factors regulating a hickory population would include:
A. Browsing pressure
B. Pest population 
C. Fire frequency
D. All of the above 
E. None of the above
A

C

50
Q

Metapopulations are less stable than singular populations

  • True
  • False
A

F

51
Q 
Life History is comprised of: 
A. The life span
B. The pattern of growth and development 
C. The reproduction timing
D. The quantity of reproduction 
E. All of the above
A

E

52
Q

An advantage of metamorphosis is:
A. It minimizes mortality from predation
B. It requires less energy than direct development
C. It allows the organism to exploit important resources
D. It is phylogenetically plastic
E. None of the above

A

C

53
Q

The COSTS of metamorphosis include:
A. Significant energy expenditure and vulnerability to predation at certain stages
B. Significant energy expenditure and exploitation of different ecological niches
C. Vulnerability to predation at certain stages and reduced competition among larvae and adults
D. Specialization on different functions at different life stages and reduced competition among larvae and adults
E. Exploitation of different ecological niches and specialization on different functions of different life stages

A

A

54
Q 
A predictable environment tends to encourage: 
A. K-selection and bet hedging 
B. r-selection and bet hedging 
C. K-selection and small clutches
D. r-selection and small clutches
A

C

55
Q

Which of the following is not characteristic of interspecific competition?
A. One or more resources is limiting
B. The population size of at least one species decreases
C. The limiting resource does not change over time
D. Two or more species interact
E. None of the above

A

C

56
Q

According to the competitive exclusion principle:
A. Resources exclude competitors
B. Intraspecific competitors exclude interspecific competitors
C. Two species can occupy the same realized niche
D. Two species cannot coexist on the same limiting resource
E. None of the above

A

D

57
Q

Character displacement:
A. Is the result of selection to decrease niche overlap
B. Is the result of selection to increase niche breadth
C. Is the result of disruptive selection
D. Requires diffuse competition
E. None of the above

A

A

58
Q

The Lotka-Volterra models show that coexistence is more likely if:
A. Niche overlap is small and the carrying capacities are different
B. Niche overlap is large and the carrying capacities are similar
C. Niche overlap is small and the carrying capacities are similar
D. Niche overlap is similar and the carrying capacities are different
E. None of the above

A

C

59
Q

In the Lotka-Volterra graphs, an isocline:
A. Determines where each species is isolated
B. Determines the rate of change of competition
C. Determines where population growth is 0
D. Determines where population growth is maximal
E. None of the above

A

C

60
Q

Where might you expect lowest fitness of individuals in these two populations?
A. At the extremes of their respective distributions
B. In the middle of their respective distributions
C. At the region of overlap between their respective distributions

A

C

61
Q

Competition occurs only between related taxa.

  • True
  • False
A

T

62
Q

How would you assess the importance of density-dependent processes in elk?
A. Examine correlations between reproduction/mortality and elk population size
B. Examine correlations between reproduction/mortality and wolves
C. Examine correlations between elk body distribution and rainfall
D. Examine correlations between elk population size and rainfall
E. Examine relationships between reproduction/mortality and rainfall

A

A

63
Q

Mimicry can evolve in a mutualistic relationship.

  • True
  • False
A

T

64
Q

In a coevolutionary arms race:
A. Selection is stronger on the predator
B. Selection favors equilibrium
C. Each adaptation by one species leads to a new adaptation in the other
D. Each adaptation by one species negates selection on the other
E. None of the above

A

C

65
Q 
- Diseases that are easily transmitted between hosts will tend to be selected for: 
A. decreased virulence 
B. increased virulence 
C. no change in virulence 
D. it depends
E. none of the above
A

B

Ecology (BSC 385) (5 decks)

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