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Respiratory > ABG and Oxygen > Flashcards

ABG and Oxygen Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypoxia

A

lack of oxygen in the tissues

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2
Q

what is hypoxaemia

A

low oxygen levels in the blood

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3
Q

what causes anaemic hypoxia

A

lack of Hb

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4
Q

what causes perfusion hypoxia

A

poor CO (cardiac output)

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5
Q

what causes toxic hypoxia

A

failure to release O2 at tissue level

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6
Q

what causes hypoxaemic hypoxia

A

low pO2 and SaO2

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7
Q

what is pO2

A

partial pressure of oxygen- oxygen saturation in blood plasma

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8
Q

what range of pH is classed as acidaemia

A

<7.35

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9
Q

define acidosis

A

process causing excess acid to be present in the blood

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10
Q

what does acidosis not necessarily cause

A

acidaemia

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11
Q

what pH range is classified as alkalaemia

A

> 7.45

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12
Q

define alkanosis

A

process causing excess base to be present in the blood

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13
Q

what are CO2 changes related to

A

respiratory changes

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14
Q

what are HCO3 changes related to

A

metabolic changes

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15
Q

which compensation is slow and which is fast

A

respiratory compensation fast, met slow

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16
Q

which out of CO2 and HCO3 is an acid and which is a base

A

CO2 acid, HCO3 base

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17
Q

what do opposite codes (high/low) mean

A

compensation

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18
Q

what do matched codes mean

A

primary abnormality

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19
Q

what can cause resp acidosis with metabolic compensation

A

chronic type 2 resp failure; COPD, CF, Kyphoscoliosis

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20
Q

what can cause metabolic acidosis with resp compensation

A

sepsis, poisoning, drugs, lactate

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21
Q

what causes uncompensated resp acidosis

A

acute type 2 resp failure

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22
Q

what causes decompensated resp acidosis

A

acute or chronic type 2 resp failure

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23
Q

what is the anion gap

A

difference between primary measured cations (Na+ and K+) and primary measured anions (CL- and HCO3-)

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24
Q

what is the commonest cause of a high anion gap

A

infection

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25
Q

what organ controls bicarbonate

A

kidneys

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26
Q

what organs control CO2

A

lungs

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27
Q

how does the body react to acidosis

A

breathing fast- hyperventilating- to get rid of CO2

28
Q

what is metabolic compensation for resp acidosis

A

kidney stores bicarbonate

29
Q

what is the resp compensation for metabolic alkanosis

A

maintain CO2 and reduce resp rate

30
Q

what is type 2 resp failure

A

hypoxia and hypercapnia

31
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

too much CO2

32
Q

what is SpO2

A

percutaneous oxygen saturation (detected with a pulse oximeter)

33
Q

what is SaO2

A

arterial blood oxygen saturation

34
Q

why is venous blood darker than arterial

A

as deoxygenated haemoglobin in darker in colour

35
Q

what is PaO2

A

amount of oxygen dissolved in arterial blood plasma

36
Q

what is the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood proportional to

A

the partial pressure of oxygen

37
Q

what is FiO2

A

fraction of inspired oxygen

38
Q

what is the only cause of hypoxia

A

hypoxaemia

39
Q

why is too much oxygen a bad thing

A

poisons people, unable to detect changes in pO2, can develop into hypercabia (CO2 retention)

40
Q

in what type of patient should you suspect type two resp failure

A

COPD

41
Q

who else is at risk of type 2 resp failure

A

scoliosis, neuromuscular deficiency, hyper obese

42
Q

how does excess oxygen cause V/Q mismatching

A

reverses reactive vasoconstriction in areas of poor ventilation, improves perfusion but not ventilation

43
Q

what is the haldane effect

A

when CO2 occupies the empty binding sites on Hb (acidotic)

44
Q

what happens when patients with the haldane effect are given high FiO2

A

pushes CO2 out of Hb and into system

45
Q

what is normal respiration driven by

A

CO2 chemoreceptors

46
Q

what does chronic hypercarbia lead to

A

desensitisation of these receptors- making oxygen chemoreceptors control respiration

47
Q

why should COPD patients (with chronically compensated CO2 levels) not be put on

A

as they are not dependant on hypoxic drive and when in resp failure and put on high oxygen the CO2 in their blood will rise via the haldane effect, V/Q mismatch, and via the removal/reduction of the hypoxic drive

48
Q

patients with chronically poor localised ventilation can be sensitive to what

A

oxygen- V/Q mismatch

49
Q

what is a good marker for oxygen sensitivity

A

CO2 retention

50
Q

what are the symptoms of hypoxaemia

A

altered mental state, cyanosis, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, arrhythmias

51
Q

when does hypoxaemia cause death

A

around 2.7 kPa

52
Q

what is the bets SaO2

A

sepsis= 85-95%

critical care= 100%

53
Q

what causes anaemic hypoxia

A

deficiencies (iron, vit b, folate)

54
Q

what causes toxic hypoxia

A

toxins- cyanide, CO, arsenic, alcohol, popper

55
Q

what is hypoxic hypoxaemia caused by

A

low inspired oxygen concentration; alveolar hypoventilation, impaired diffusion, shunt, dead space, V/Q mismatch

56
Q

what causes low inspired oxygen concentration

A

anaesthetic gases, altitude

57
Q

what causes alveolar hypoventilation

A

opiates, anaphylaxis, obesity, kyphoscoliosis, anaesthetic, foreign body in lung

58
Q

what is impaired diffusion

A

failure of the alveolar-endothelial interface

59
Q

what can cause impaired diffusion

A

interstitial thickening (pulmonary fibrosis, lymphangitis, sarcoidosis), vascular dysfunction (pulmonary vasculitis, endothelial malignancy)(blood vessels to big/damaged)

60
Q

what is shunting

A

perfusion without ventilation

61
Q

what is dead space

A

ventilation with perfusion

62
Q

what causes dead space

A

PE, po vasculitis, po hypertension

63
Q

describe the V and Q in lug apex

A

good v poor q

64
Q

describe the V and Q in lug base

A

poor v good q

65
Q

what is DO2

A

global oxygen delivery (total amount of oxygen delivered to tissues per minute)

66
Q

what conditions are patients given all the oxygen

A

cardiac arrest, severe trauma, severe sepsis, anaphylaxsis

Respiratory (26 decks)

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