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Biology Molecules 2 > Chapter 1 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Nucleus

A
  • surrounded by double membrane
  • contains genetic material
  • controls the cell’s activity
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2
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Nucleolus

A
  • 25% volume of nucleus
  • made up of proteins & ribonucleic acid
  • rewrites ribosomal RNA (mixes them with proteins)
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3
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Nuclear envelope

A
  • membrane that encloses nucleus
  • monitors the movement of macromolecules
  • nuclear pores
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4
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Ribosomes

A
  • 20nm
  • made of ribosomal RNA
  • direct chemical processes
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5
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • system of membranes
  • coated with ribosomes
  • process called translation
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6
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • system of membranes linked with nuclear membrane
  • no ribosomes
  • produce cellular products (hormones and lipids)
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7
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Golgi apparatus

A
  • made of membrane bound flattened sacs
  • vesicles bring materials to and from
  • organises proteins for secretion
    Cisternae - folds/ Lumen - gaps
    Cis face - facing the nucleus
    Trans face - facing away from
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8
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Mitochondria

A
  • 2-5 um long
  • two membranes (outer, inner)
  • respiration takes place
  • provides energy (ATP)

Cristae - folds
Matrix - gaps

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Lysosomes

A
  • surrounded individually by single membrane
  • contains powerful hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes
  • gets rid of waste and digests organelles
    Membrane with glycosylated membrane transport proteins, lipid layer, membrane, enzyme mixture
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10
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Chloroplasts

A
  • 4-10 um long
  • only in plant cells
  • loops of DNA
  • photosynthesis

Stroma - gaps inside

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11
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Centrioles

A
  • help cell division

- two bundles of microtubules at right angles to each other

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Flagella

A
  • hair like structure

- used to move the cell

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Cilia

A
  • contains microtubules formed from centrioles

- used to move the cell

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Vesicles

A
  • small
  • form naturally during secretion
  • move molecules
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15
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Cell wall

A
  • support and protection

- made up of cellulose microfibril

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16
Q

Eukaryotic cell organelles

Large permanent vacuoles

A
  • surrounded by membrane called tonoplast

- hold large amounts of water or food or waste

17
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

The theory that Eukaryotic cell evolved from prokaryotic cells and that chloroplasts and mitochondria where once free-living cells that were taken up by other prokaryotic cells

18
Q

Protein synthesis travel

A 
Nucleus (transcription)
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes (translation)
Transport vesicles 
Golgi apparatus 
Then: 
Lysosomes
Cell surface membrane(exocytosis)
19
Q

Cell fractionation

STEP 1

A

Use an isotonic, cold buffer solution to prevent damage

COLD - prevents enzyme activity
ISOTONIC - damage by osmosis
BUFFER - damage by enzyme or osmosis

20
Q

Cell fractionation

STEP TWO

A

Homogenisation
- opening up the cell
Homogeniser - equipment used
Homogenate - suspension of organelles

21
Q

Cell fractionation

STEP 3

A

Ultracentrifugation

Spinning cells to separate into masses

  • liquid becomes the supernatant
  • solid at the bottom - pellet
22
Q

Magnification

A

I = A x M

  • I = image
  • A = actual size
  • M = magnification
23
Q

Light microscopes

A 
Use light to observe 
Mag power - up x2000
Resolving power - 200 nm
Adv: observe living
No harsh chemicals, no vacuum 
Simple, inexpensive, small
Dis: low mag, low resolving
24
Q

Electron microscope:

Transmission EM

A

Focused beams of electrons through sections of tissues
Mag power: up to x500 000
Resolving power: 0.5 nm
Staining: heavy metal ions - definition
Adv: high resolution, details of insides
Dis: only dead, harsh chemicals, expensive, large, complex prep, vacuum, black and white image

25
Q

Electron microscope:

Scanning EM

A

Focused beams of electrons reflected off tissue
Mag power: up to x100 000
Resolving power: 3-10 nm
Staining: coat carbon or gold - conducting
Adv: high resolution, surface structure details, false colour added
Dis: same as transmission

26
Q

Laser microscope

A

Laser beam of light to illuminate chemical stains within specimen
Mag power: same as light
Resolving power: greater than light
Adv: living, observe cell processes, higher resolve than, 3D and 2D images, non-invasive techniques, use for drug development
Dis: more expensive and complex than light

27
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Cells that contain membrane bound organelles

28
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Cells that lacks membrane bound organelle

29
Q

Centrifuged

A

The application of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of Heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge.

30
Q

Homogenised

A

A process whereby a biological sample is brought to a state such that all fractions of the sample are equal in composition

31
Q

Buffer solution

A

A solution that resists a change in pH when acids or bases are added

32
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a partially permeable membrane which allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without a change in concentration of solutes on either side.

33
Q

Artefacts

A

A visible structure detail caused by processing the specimen and not a feature of the specimen

35
Q

Magnification

A

How many times bigger the image is compared with the object’s size

36
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance apart for 2 objects to allow them to appear as separate items

37
Q

Exocytosis

A

A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through the fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Biology Molecules 2 (2 decks)

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