11 - Retrieval Flashcards
What were Brady et al (2008) procedures? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- P’s studied 2500 objects
- Asked to pick between 2 pictures
- Some pairs were novel (looked completely different)
- Some pairs were state (same item in the picture but the state had changed)
What did Brady et al (2008) find? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- 85% of objects were correctly recalled
- LTM has remarkable capacity
What did Thompson and Tulving (1970) find? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- P’s failed to recall recognise some words in the recognition task, but were able to recall in the cued recall test
- Cues may have been used for a coding context
- Recognition failure of recallable words
What are the two independent processes (dual process theory) in recognition memory? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- Recollection = Where we can retrieve the specific instance where we saw it before
- Familiarity = We feel we have seen it before, but cannot retrieve details on when and where
What is flashbulb memory? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- Highly charged event e.g. 9/11
- 78/80 P’s could recall where they were when JFK was shot
- Those who were closer to the 9/11 attacks used the amygdala when recalling
What did Talarico & Rubin (2003) find? (Retrieval Cognitive)
P’s confidence on accuracy of flashbulb events is significantly higher than ever day events
What are memory illusions? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- When subjective and objective versions of the same thing occur e.g. blue/gold dress
- Memory illusions are highly subjective
What errors can occur in memory illusions? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- Before the memory, information could influence the true memory
- Information that is encountered after the memory may interfere with the true memory
What is the Deese-Roediger & McDerott paradigm? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- P’s studied a list of words highly associated with a non-presented critical lure e.g. chocolate
- Asked to highlight which words were present on the original list
- 40% of lures were recalled (false memories)
- Critical lures were more likely to be recollected than familiar
What is the misinformation paradigm by Loftus and Palmer (1947)? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- How fast were the cars going when they smashed/hit each other?
- Was there any broken glass?
- More likely to recall the broken glass if the cars ‘smashed’ in to each other
What were the procedures of Jacques and Schacter (2011)? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- Day 1 = P’s went on a museum tour, while wearing a camera that automatically takes photos
- Day 2 = P’s received memories from the museum cued by photos, but some were also fake cues
- Day 3 = Shown photos of the museum and asked if they were taken at the museum they visited
What did Jacques and Schacter (2011) find? (Retrieval Cognitive)
- P’s did have false memories but the effects depended on how well the retrieved the memories on day 2
- More fake memories if retrieval cues matched encoding
- The way we retrieve memories can affect how how constructive processing will lead to later false memories
