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Biology A2 Rafa > 5.4 Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

5.4 Hormonal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Define endocrine system

A

A communication system that uses hormones as signalling molecules

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2
Q

Define hormones

A
  • Molecules (proteins or steroids) that are released by endocrine glands directly into the blood
  • They act as messengers
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3
Q

Define target cells

A
  • cells that possess a specific receptor on their plasma membrane
  • Many similar cells together form a target tissue
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4
Q

Define adrenal cortex

A

The outer layer of the adrenal gland

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5
Q

Define adrenal gland

A

One of a pair of glands lying above the kidneys

-release adrenaline and a number of other hormones (corticoids such as aldosterone)

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6
Q

Define adrenaline

A

A hormone released from the adrenal glands

-stimulates the body to prepare for fight to flight

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7
Q

Define adrenal medulla

A

The inner layer of the adrenal gland

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8
Q

Define beta cells

A

Cells found in the islets of Langerhans that secrete the hormone insulin

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9
Q

Define glucagon

A

a hormone that causes an increase in blood glucose concentration

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10
Q

Define insulin

A

the hormone, released from the pancreas, that causes blood glucose levels to go down

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11
Q

Define diabetes mellitus

A

A condition in which blood glucose concentrations cannot be controlled effectively

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12
Q

Define stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that have potential to develop into any type of cell

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13
Q

What type of glands are endocrine glands

A

Ductless, hormones are released directly into the capillary

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14
Q

Example of non steroid hormones

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
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15
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A
  • oestrogen

- testosterone

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16
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A
  • lipid soluble (can go through plasma membrane)
  • can get to cells nucleus
  • can affect DNA
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17
Q

Describe non-steroid hormone

A
  • cannot pass through membrane

- known as first messenger

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18
Q

What do many non steroid hormones act via?

A

G protein in the membrane

-activates an effector molecule

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19
Q

What is a common effector molecule?

A
  • adenyl cyclase

- converts ATP to cyclic AMP and cAMP is the second messenger

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20
Q

What may a second messenger do?

A
  • Act directly on another protein

- Initiate a cascade of enzyme controlled reactions

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21
Q

Three layers of adrenal cortex

A
  • Zona glomerulosa - outermost layer (secretes mineralocorticoids)
  • Zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids
  • Zona reticularis - secretes molecules that make sex hormones
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22
Q

Example of mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone

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23
Q

Example of glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol

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24
Q

What hormones are derived from cholesterol

A

Steroid hormones produced in 3 zones

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25
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

A

help control the concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood
maintain blood pressure

26
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Acts on distal tubules and collecting duct

  • increases Na
  • decreases reabsorption of of K
  • increases water retention
  • increases blood pressure
27
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Control metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the liver

28
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Stimulates the production of glucose from stored compounds

Released in response to stress or low blood glucose

29
Q

What do androgen precursors do?

A

Taken up by ovaries or testes and converted into sex hormones, regulate production of gametes

30
Q

What are the main functions of the adrenal medulla?

A

Producing noradrenaline and adrenaline

31
Q

What is adrenaline not?

A

A steroid hormone

32
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A
  • Relax smooth muscle in bronchioles
  • Increases stoke volume of heart and heart rate
  • Vasoconstriction (higher blood pressure)
  • Stimulating glycogen to glucose
  • Dilating pupils
  • Increasing mental awareness
  • Inhibiting gut action
  • Cause body hair to stand erect
33
Q

What are the main secretions of the pancreas?

A
  • Pancreatic juices containing enzymes which are secreted into the small intestine
  • Hormones which are released into the islets of Langerhans
34
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Synthesise and release digestive enzymes into duodenum

35
Q

What does fluid from the pancreatic duct contain?

A

pancreatic amylase
trypsinogen
lipase
hydrogen carbonate to make it alkaline

36
Q

What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

glucagon

37
Q

What do the beta cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin

38
Q

What do the islets of Langerhans contain?

A

Alpha and beta cells

39
Q

What are acini?

A

small groups of exocrine cells

(the lumen of them are branches of the pancreatic duct) they are grouped into lobules

40
Q

Where does the pancreatic duct go?

A

First part of small intestine

duodenum

41
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first part of the small intestine

42
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

amylase to maltose

43
Q

What does trysinogen do?

A

Converted do trypsin in duodenum

44
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Conversion of glucose to glycogen (less glucose)

45
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose (more glucose)

46
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glucose from sources that are not carbohydrate (e.g. amino acids and fats) (more glucose)

47
Q

Consequences of hypoglycemia

A 
Reduced delivery of glucose
impairment of brain function
seizures
tiredness
confusion
48
Q

Consequences of hyperglycemia

A

Organ failure
lower blood water potential
osmotic problems and dehydration

49
Q

What cells detect too high blood glucose?

A

Beta cells

50
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Result of autoimmune response
Beta cells attacked
Can’t make insulin

51
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Not enough insulin
Responsiveness to insulin decreases
Obesity
Lack of exercise and family history

52
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

hormones from islets of Langerhans into blood

53
Q

What do alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

54
Q

What do beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin (and manufacture it)

55
Q

How do our bodies get rid of glucose in the blood?

A

Beta cells release insulin
Insulin binds to receptor which is attached to TYROSINE KINASE
This induces phosphorylation of inactive enzymes to enzyme cascade
Vesicle containing glucose transporter proteins binds yo membrane and glucose enters cells

56
Q

Target cells of glucagon

A

Hepatocytes

57
Q

What cells detect low blood glucose?

A

alpha cells

58
Q

What cells detect high blood glucose?

A

beta cells

59
Q

Which hormone is released when blood glucose is low?

A

Glucagon

60
Q

Type 1 diabetes treatments

A 
Insulin injections
insulin pump
islet cell transplantation
pancreas transplantation
possibly stem cells
61
Q

Type 2 diabetes treatments

A 
changes in lifestyle
weightloss
regular exercise
match carbohydrate intake and use
medication
severe cases = insulin injections
62
Q

Why is e coli better than pigs?

A 
exact copy, faster acting more effective
less of a chance of developing tolerance
less of a chance of rejection
lower risk of infection
cheaper to make
manufacture is more adaptable to demand
fewer ethical/ moral concerns

Biology A2 Rafa (14 decks)

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