Nervous system - CNS and PNS

Question 1

Effector

Answer 1

Organs that act upon the information carried for example by efferent neurons (e.g. motor neurons) from nervous system

Question 2

Efferent neuron

Answer 2

Neurons which carry information from CNS and innervate (supply with nerves) effectors to act upon that information

Question 3

Afferent neuron

Answer 3

Sensory neurons which carry information toward CNS

Question 4

Central Nervous System

Answer 4

Consists of:

1) Brain
2) Spinal chord

Question 5

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 5

Consists of:

1) Cranial nerves
2) Spinal nerves

Divided into two systems:

1) Somatic - Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
2) Autonomic - involuntary control of glands and smooth muscle

Question 6

Nervous system

Answer 6

Three functions:

1) Sensory function or receiving information –> PNS
2) Integrative function (processing) –> CNS
3) Motor function; acting on the information after being processed –> PNS

Question 7

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Answer 7

Reflex involving only two neurons and one synapse:

1) Sensory neuron detects stretching of muscle
2) Transmits impulse to motor neuron cell body in spinal cord
3) Motor neuron’s long axon synapses with muscle that was stretched and causes contraction

Question 8

Reflex

Answer 8

Direct motor response to sensory input without conscious thought; simplest example of nervous system activity

Question 9

Autonomic (PNS)

Answer 9

Part of PNS, subdivided into:

1) Sympathetic: Fight or flight
2) Parasympathetic: Rest and digest

Question 10

Somatic (PNS)

Answer 10

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Question 11

3 subdivisions of the fetal brain

Answer 11

1) Forebrain (Cerebrum)
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain (Pons, medulla, cerebellum)

Question 12

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 12

Liquid that functions to:

1) Shock absorption for brain
2) Exchange of nutrients and wastes with CNS

Question 13

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Answer 13

Pons, medulla and cerebellum

Question 14

Medulla

1) Location
2) General
3) Specific

Answer 14

Location: Located below pons and connects to spinal cord

General: Involuntary functions

Specific:

1) Autonomic processes such as blood pressure, flow, heart rate, respiratory rate, swallowing
2) Controls reflex reactions such as coughing or sneezing
3) Relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus

Question 15

Pons

1) Location
2) General
3) Specific

Answer 15

Location: Above medulla

General: Relay station and balance

Specific:

1) Controls posture and balance
2) Relays info to cerebellum and thalamus

Question 16

Cerebellum

1) Location
2) General
3) Specific

Answer 16

Location: Below cerebrum

General: Movement coordination

Specific:

1) Integrating center
2) Coordination of complex movement, balance and posture

Question 17

Midbrain

1) Location
2) General
3) Specific

Answer 17

Location: Above pons

General: Eye movement

Specific:

1) Integration of visual and auditory information
2) Visual and auditory reflexes

Question 18

Thalamus

1) Location
2) General
3) Specific

Answer 18

Location: Near middle of the brain, part of cerebrum

General: Integrating center and relay station

Specific:

1) Relay center for somatic (conscious, voluntary) sensation
2) Relays information between spinal cord and cerebral cortex

Question 19

Hypothalamus

1) Location
2) General
3) Specific

Answer 19

Location: In front of thalamus

General: Homeostasis and behavior

Specific:

1) Controls homeostatic functions (temp regulation, fluid balance, appetite) through both neural and hormonal regulation
2) Controls the pituitary gland
3) Controls primitive behavior

Question 20

Basal nuclei

1) Location
2) General
3) Specific

Answer 20

Location:
Part of the cerebrum, deep area

General: Movement; Work with cerebellum

Specific:
Learned movement patterns
Regulate body movements

Question 21

Limbic system

1) Location
2) General
3) Specific

Answer 21

Location:
Between cerebrum and diencephalon

General: Emotion, memory and learning

Specific:

1) Controls emotions
2) Memory storage and retrieval
3) Links unconscious and conscious parts of brain

Question 22

Cerebral cortex - four lobes

Answer 22

Location:
Part of cerebrum

4 lobes:
Frontal lobe - voluntary movement, problem-solving
Parietal lobe - General sensation
Occipital lobe - visual processing
Temporal lobe - short-term memory, emotion, auditory and olfactory sensation

Question 23

Corpus callosum

Answer 23

Connects left and right cerebral hemispheres

Question 24

Gray matter

Answer 24

Outer layer of cerebral cortex composed of somas (cell bodies)

Question 25

White matter

Answer 25

Inner core of cerebral cortex which connects it to the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)

Question 26

Forebrain

Answer 26

Consists of diencephalon and telencephalon:

Diencephalon - hypothalamus and thalamus

Telencephalon - Two cerebral hemispheres

Question 27

Vagus nerve

Answer 27

One of the cranial nerve; Part of the parasympathetic division and affects the heart and GI tract

Question 28

Dorsal root ganglion (PNS)

Answer 28

1) Gang of sensory neuron cell bodies (both somatic and autonomic) located at the back of the spinal cord
2) First synapse in CNS

Question 29

Meninges

Answer 29

Protective sheath of the brain and cord

Question 30

Preganglionic neuron (PNS, autonomic)

Answer 30

1) Cell body in brainstem or spinal cord (brainstem if parasympathetic, spinal cord if sympathetic)
2) Sends axon to an autonomic ganglion located outside the spinal column and synapses with a postganglionic neuron
3) Releases acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter

Question 31

Postganglionic neuron (PNS, autonomic)

Answer 31

1) Sends an axon to an effector (smooth muscle or gland)

2) Short or long depending on para or sympathetic

Question 32

Somatic motor neurons

Answer 32

1) Innervate skeletal muscle cells using Ach (acetylcholine)

2) Cell bodies in the brain stem or front portion of the spinal cord

Question 33

Short reflex (autonomic)

Answer 33

Autonomic afferent neurons can directly synapse with autonomic efferent neurons