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Lifespan and Development > (10) Developmental Psychopathology > Flashcards

(10) Developmental Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the The normative principle?

A

we judge in comparison to what is considered ‘normal’, e.g. 2-year-old having tantrums is normal, but not 10/11-year-old

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2
Q

What is the The early precursors principle?

A

we need to look for early warning signs, e.g. children who are antisocial, rejected by peers

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3
Q

What is the The multiple pathways principle?

A

we must consider multiple levels of functioning (e.g. genetic, social), how they interact together

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4
Q

What is the Medical model?

A

disorders come from within

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5
Q

What is the Social model?

A

opposite of medical model, what causes abnormality externally, the role of society, different from the rest of society

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6
Q

What is the Statistical model?

A

deviation from average

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7
Q

What is Diagnosis reliability?

A

overlap between symptoms, would two clinicians give the same diagnosis?, a measure of how often two or more clinicians arrive independently at the same diagnosis of a particular disorder

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8
Q

What can over diagnosis lead to?

A

Over medication

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9
Q

What are Under controlled disorders?

A

the child appears to lack self-control, has a negative impact on others e.g. Conduct Disorder, ADHD

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10
Q

What is Over controlled disorders?

A

the child appears overly controlled, withdrawn, negative, e.g. depression

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11
Q

What is Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD)?

A

difficulties in cognitive, emotional and social development e.g Autism

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12
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A

Characterised by behaviour that violates the rights of others or major societal norms

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13
Q

Who is conduct disorder more common in?

A

Boys

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14
Q

What are behvaiours of conduct disorder?

A
  • More likely to commit crimes
  • Aggression to people and animals e.g. bullying traits, physical fighting
  • Destruction of property
  • Deceitfulness or theft
  • Serious violations of rules, e.g. parental rules, missing school
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15
Q

What are traits of conduct disorder?

A
  • lack of guilt and empathy for victims and callous behaviour for self-gain
  • Highly heritable, e.g. identical twins
  • Difficulties with emotion processing, recognising facial expressions and fear, e.g. amygdala show weaker response to fear
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16
Q

What can cause conduct disorder?

A

-Impulsiveness, not thinking of consequences
-Low IQ and low education attainment
-Child abuse
-Parental conflict and disrupted families
-Socioeconomic factors
-Community influences
(Murray et al 2010)

17
Q

How can conduct disorder be treated?

A
  • Can be hard to treat
  • Many treatments (e.g. problem-solving skills or anger coping therapy) ineffective (Brestan and Eyberg, 1998)
  • Parenting interventions have some success – focus on rewarding desirable behaviour, handling bad behaviour, time out etc. But CD tends to be resistant treatment
  • More successful if early (Webster-Stratton et al, 2001)
18
Q

What is ADHD?

A
  • Inattention, overactivity and impulsivity, acts before thinking
  • Boys diagnosed with ADHD twice as much as girls
  • Association with anxiety, low self-esteem and learning disabilities
  • Problems persist into adolescence and adulthood
19
Q

What can cause ADHD?

A
  • Genetic component: highly heritable – heritability 76%
  • Brain differences: frontal lobes delayed in development, smaller, under-activated
  • Environmental factors: poverty, education, parenting, divorce, social class, maternal health
20
Q

How can ADHD be treated? (drugs)

A
  • Psychostimulant medication e.g. methylphenidate (Ritalin)
  • Increases attention, positive effects for 50-96% of children with ADHD
  • But risk of misuse and side effects (Singh, 2008), e.g. selling to peers
21
Q

How can ADHD be treated? (therapy)

A
  • Psychosocial treatments, e.g. behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy, such as control and social skills
  • Which treatment works best?
  • Children receiving medication or medication and therapy showed greatest improvement (Van der Oord et al 2008)
22
Q

What is depression in children?

A
  • Previously seen as an adult disorder
  • Persistent and pervasive sadness
  • Loss of interest and pleasure in activities
23
Q

What symptoms are associated with depressed children?

A

Associated symptoms: low self-esteem, sleep and appetite changes, suicidal thoughts/behaviour

24
Q

When is a child likely to be diagnosed with depression?

A

Rates of depression – increase in adolescence

-Nearly twice as many girl’s experience depression

25
Q

What are the key facts about childhood suicide?

A
  • Suicide uncommon before 15 years old
  • Second most common cause of death in young people
  • Male adolescents more likely to die by suicide
26
Q

What can cause childhood suicide?

A
  • History of self-harm (71%)

- Risk factors: SES, education, family history, drug and alcohol misuse, depression

27
Q

What can cause childhood depression?

A
  • Biological factors: serotonin
  • Heritable – some genetic component (but interplay between genes x environment important)
  • Social/psychological factors: family/peer conflict, neglect, bullying
  • Cognitive factors: learned helplessness (Seligman, 1974): feel like they have failed to achieve desired outcome in life
28
Q

How can depression be treated?

A
  • Anti-depressants
  • Mixed results on effectiveness for children and adolescents
  • Some adolescents who take certain anti-depressants show higher rate of suicidal ideation
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
  • Focus on individual, provide strategies
  • May be more effective than medication for adolescents
29
Q

What is autism?

A

A life-long neurodevelopmental condition, diagnosed more in boys, might look different in girls

30
Q

What are key traits of autism?

A
  • Difficulties with social communication and social interaction, hard to make friends and read body language
  • Restricted and repetitive behaviour and interests, very focused
  • Sensory sensitivities, e.g. lights, noises, textures
31
Q

What can cause autism?

A
  • Biological factors
  • Genetic (but no single gene)
  • Brain differences (shape, structure)
  • Environmental factors? Not the following; vaccines, refrigerator mothers, television and internet
  • Cognitive: theory of mind, executive dysfunction, weak central coherence
32
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

The ability to understand that other people have thoughts, feelings and beliefs (mind reading)

33
Q

When does theory of mind develop?

A
  • Children without autism develop this ability at age 4

- Autistic individuals may not develop a Theory of Mind (Baron-Cohen et al, 1985)

34
Q

What are Executive functions?

A

switching focus, self-regulation, self-control, forward planning, autistic children have trouble with this

35
Q

What is weak central coherence?

A

-Processing of the parts rather than the whole

36
Q

What treatment is there for autism?

A
  • There is no cure for autism
  • Applied behaviour analysis (ABA): rewarding and reinforcing “positive” behaviour, discouraging “negative” behaviour
  • Communication and social skills Speech and language therapy, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

Lifespan and Development (10 decks)

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