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DSBS 5508 Physiology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The term for the conversion of a specific type of energy (a stimulus) into an electrical or electrochemical signal (receptor potential and nerve impulses).

A

Sensory Transduction

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2
Q

Of the five basic senses, the receptors for TWO of these senses are neural. The other three are non-neural, epithelial cells. Which are the neural receptors?

A

Olfactory and somatosensory

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3
Q

Which of the following describes a simple receptor?

a. neurons with free nerve endings; axon may be myelinated or unmyelinated
b. nerve endings enclosed in a connective tissue capsule ex. Pacinian corpuscle
c. non-neural cells that release neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons

A

a. neurons with free nerve endings; axon may be myelinated or unmyelinated

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4
Q

Which of the following describes a complex receptor?

a. neurons with free nerve endings; axon may be myelinated or unmyelinated
b. nerve endings enclosed in a connective tissue capsule ex. Pacinian corpuscle
c. non-neural cells that release neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons

A

b. nerve endings enclosed in a connective tissue capsule ex. Pacinian corpuscle

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5
Q

Which of the following describes a special sense receptor?

a. neurons with free nerve endings; axon may be myelinated or unmyelinated
b. nerve endings enclosed in a connective tissue capsule ex. Pacinian corpuscle
c. non-neural cells that release neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons

A

c. non-neural* cells that release neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons
* except olfactory

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6
Q

The term for the change in sensory receptor membrane potential.

A

Receptor Potential

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7
Q

List the four properties of a stimulus.

A

Modality
Intensity
Location
Duration

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8
Q

The property of a stimulus that is indicated by which sensory neurons are activated and where neurons terminate in the brain. What we perceive after a stimulus.

A

Modality

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9
Q

The property of a stimulus that is indicated by which receptive fields are activated. (exception is auditory information, which uses timing)

A

Location

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10
Q

The property of a stimulus that is coded by the number of receptors activated and the frequency of action potentials.

A

Intensity

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11
Q

The property of a stimulus that is coded by the duration of the action potentials.

A

Duration

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12
Q

These receptors adapt slowly and steadily to a stimulus continuing to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus.

A

Tonic Receptors

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13
Q

These receptors adapt quickly to a stimulus.

A

Phasic Receptors

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter and what type of nociceptors are responsible for the sensation of itch?

A

Histamine activates C fibers, which are small, unmyelinated nociceptors.

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15
Q

GABA increases the permeability of postsynaptic membranes to which ion?

A

Chloride

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16
Q

What type of transport is calcium ion-ATPase?

A

uniport; active transport

helps maintain low intracellular calcium ion levels

17
Q

What type of transport is calcium ion-sodium ion?

A

countertransport; active transport

18
Q

If an axonal membrane transiently becomes very permeable to sodium ions, then the membrane potential of the cell will approach

A. -70 mV
B. -60 mV
C. -50 mV
D. 0 mV
E. +60 mV

NBDE Form 12 Date D98

A

E. +60 mV

19
Q

The Henderson-Hasselbach equation shows that

A. dilution of a buffer increases its pH.
B. pH = pka when an acid is 0.1 N.
C. pH = pka when an acid is half neutralized.
D. pH is independent of the dissociation constant of the acid

NBDE Form 12 Date D98

A

C. pH = pka when an acid is half neutralized

20
Q

The maximal number of impulses that a nerve fiber can carry is determined by which of the following?

  1. The intensity of the stimulus
  2. The diameter of the nerve fiber
  3. The duration of the absolute refractory period
  4. The duration of the relative refractory period

NBDE July 1989

A
  1. The duration of the absolute refractory period
21
Q

Two-point discrimination requires that two sensory receptors are

  1. different in threshold.
  2. of two different morphologic types.
  3. innervated by two different axons.
  4. innervated by branches of the same axon.
  5. separated by a distance of at least 5 mm.

NBDE July 1989

A
  1. innervated by two different axons
22
Q

Spatial summation in spinal reflexes is dependent upon

  1. change in synaptic resistance.
  2. greater frequency of sensory end-organ discharge.
  3. increased cholinesterase activity at the synapse.
  4. simultaneous arrival of impulses from a large number of receptors.

NBDE July 1989

A
  1. simultaneous arrival of impulses from a large number of receptors.
23
Q

Distribution of fluids between intracellular and extraceullular compartments is mainly achieved by

  1. bulk flow across the capillary wall
  2. unrestricted movement of sodium to achieve osmotic balance
  3. unrestricted movement of water to achieve osmotic balance
  4. unrestricted movement of both sodium and potassium to achieve osmotic balance
  5. movement of potassium out of the intracellular compartment to achieve osmotic balance

NBDE July 1989

A
  1. unrestricted movement of water to achieve osmotic balance
24
Q

By subtracting the extracellular fluid volume from the total body water, which of the following can be estimated?

  1. Plasma volume
  2. Intracellular fluid volume
  3. Interstitial fluid volume

NBDE July 1989

A
  1. Intracellular fluid volume
25
Q

Which of the following is solely determined by the Nernst (equilibrium) potential for sodium between the inside of the axon and the surrounding tissue fluid?

  1. The membrane potential
  2. The extent of the after-potential
  3. The sodium permeability of the nerve
  4. The potassium permeability of the nerve
  5. The limit of the peak of the action potential

NBDE July 1989

A
  1. The limit of the peak of the action potential
26
Q

Amphipathic proteins that are embedded within either one or both (traverse the entire membrane) portions of the lipid bilayer.

FirstAid

A

Integral Proteins

27
Q

Proteins that weakly bind to hydrophilic head groups on the inner or outer membrane surfaces.

FirstAid

A

Peripheral proteins

28
Q

Transport of a single molecule in both directions.

FirstAid

A

Uniport

29
Q

Transports molecules in the same direction.

FirstAid

A

Symport

30
Q

Transports molecules in opposite directions.

FirstAid

A

Antiport

31
Q

True/False

Both active transport and facilitative diffusion are characterized by competitive inhibition.

FirstAid

A

True

DSBS 5508 Physiology (2 decks)

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