3 The individual leader

Question 1

Weber’s type of authority (????)

Answer 1

tradition: it comes to be recognised that a certain way of doing things, involving particular people making the decisions and exercising most of the power, is the way things have always been done, and for no other reason this may be taken as the right way of doing things.
But Weber pointed out that in the modern world, tradition has increasingly been questioned as a source of legitimacy. People want to know why they should do what someone else tells them to, and ‘because this is the way it’s always been done’ is not an adequate answer. Instead, we have systems of rules (including the legal systems of states) which give positions of power to the people holding certain roles; occupancy of those roles is subject to some form of qualification; and the whole system can be seen to be justified by broader considerations such as the general welfare. ‘Bureaucracy’ – as a sociological term, not necessarily pejorative – is the general term for systems of this sort, and the kind of authority involved is ‘rational-legal’.
Max Weber (1968)

Question 2

Hodgkinson says (????), ‘modern state-financed education is essentially ____________ in its structure’.

Answer 2

Hodgkinson says (1991), ‘modern state-financed education is essentially bureaucratic in its structure’.

Question 3

It has often been assumed in practice that if someone is a good teacher then they will make a good __________ (Harber and Davies, ????, p. 61, refer to the prevalence of this assumption in developing countries).

Answer 3

It has often been assumed in practice that if someone is a good teacher then they will make a good administrator (Harber and Davies, ????, p. 61, refer to the prevalence of this assumption in developing countries).

Question 4

number of writers on educational leadership have stressed the importance of the individual person as leader.
(Greenleaf, ????)

Answer 4

In the end, it is the person [emphasis in original], the leader as an individual, who counts. Systems, theories, organization structures are secondary. It is the inspiration and initiative of individual persons that move the world along.
(Greenleaf, 1966)

Question 5

speaking of ‘sheer force of personal magnetism’ (Bottery, ????), is to speak of something that could not be built into any system: no _______ of training or selection could guarantee that educational leaders were people with _____.

Answer 5

speaking of ‘sheer force of personal magnetism’ (Bottery, 1992), is to speak of something that could not be built into any system: no system of training or selection could guarantee that educational leaders were people with charisma.

Question 6

Principles are the kinds of broad ethical considerations that Gold and her colleagues (2003, p. 136) say the leaders in their study were concerned with:
… such matters as _______, equal ___________ and ____ or _____, high ___________, ___________ with _______________, co-operation, _________, ___________ and __________.

Answer 6

Principles are the kinds of broad ethical considerations that Gold and her colleagues (2003, p. 136) say the leaders in their study were concerned with:
… such matters as inclusivity, equal opportunities and equity or justice, high expectations, engagement with stakeholders, co-operation, teamwork, commitment and understanding.

Question 7

Virtues are personal qualities, generally recognised as desirable, such as the following that Gold et al. also identified:
… openness, __________, compassion, _______, transparency, ______, consistency, ___________, risk-taking, and an awareness of others and their situations.
(Gold et al. 2003)

Answer 7

Virtues are personal qualities, generally recognised as desirable, such as the following that Gold et al. also identified:
… openness, accessibility, compassion, honesty, transparency, integrity, consistency, decisiveness, risk-taking, and an awareness of others and their situations.
(Gold et al. 2003)

Question 8

the discourse ethics of Habermas (1990) holds that norms are justified only when they can meet with the approval of all those who would be subject to the __________ of their application.

Answer 8

the discourse ethics of Habermas (1990) holds that norms are justified only when they can meet with the approval of all those who would be subject to the consequences of their application.