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Neuroscience > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Grey matter composition

A

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and axons
Afferent terminals
Glia

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2
Q

White matter composition

A

Axons of descending or descending tracts

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3
Q

Spinal meninges (outer to inner)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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4
Q

DAVE

A

Dorsal - afferent

Ventral - efferent

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5
Q

3 regions of white matter

A

Posterior funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Anterior funiculus

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6
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Expansion of spinal cord - caused by cyst in spinal cord

Affects crossing fibres first - usually bilateral loss of temperature and pain sensation

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7
Q

Brown-Sequard

A

Loss of pain and temperature from contralateral side

Loss of touch, proprioception and vibration from ipsilateral side

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8
Q

Motoneurone disease

A

Degeneration of both upper and lower motoneurons
Muscle weakness
Loss of voluntary movement
Maintain cognitive function
Often death after a few years due to respiratory failure

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9
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

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10
Q

Brainstem

A

Hindbrain and midbrain

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11
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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12
Q

Pons

A

Connects cortex to cerebellum

Important in motor control

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

tectum, tegmentum, basis pedunculi

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14
Q

Tectum

A

lies posteriorly to cerebral aqueduct

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15
Q

tegmentum

A

base of the tectum to (not including) substantia nigra

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16
Q

basis pedunculi

A

anterolateral section

substantia nigra and crus cerebri (primarily descending pathways)

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17
Q

superior colliculus

A

receives visual, auditory and somatosensory inputs that are in register with motor outflow
produces a motor response that orientates that head and eyes towards the stimulus

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18
Q

inferior colliculus

A

receives auditory input from hindbrain structures

sends auditory info to colliculus and thalamus

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19
Q

CNS

A 
brain (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)
spinal cord (31 divisions)
20
Q

PNS

A

sensory systems

somatic and visceral motor systems

21
Q

ANS

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

22
Q

Golgi staining

A

allows us to see dendrites and axons

23
Q

Rett sydrome

A

a neurodevelopmental condition
symptoms appear at 6-18 months - may be misdiagnosed as autistic
changes in motor and respiratory control
due to less development of dendrites

24
Q

sulcus

A

groove on surface of cerebrum

25
Q

gyrus

A

ridge on surface of cerebrum

26
Q

groups of cell bodies

A

in CNS: nucleus

in PNS: ganglion

27
Q

axons grouped together

A

in CNS: tract

in PNS: nerve

28
Q

cerebrum (cerebral cortex)

A

specific area for organising motor control and processing sensory input

29
Q

cerebellum

A

part of hindbrain but not brainstem
planning/execution of voluntary movements
maintenance of balance during reflex movement
learning of movements

30
Q

brainstem

A

control of involuntary muscles

respiration, heart rate, blood pressure

31
Q

hippocampus

A

part of cerebrum

involved in the formation of memories

32
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine control gland

production and release of hormones

33
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostatic regulation

thirst, hunger, osmotic balance, control of pituitary

34
Q

main types of cells in CNS

A

neurones (10%)

support or glial cells (90%)

35
Q

glial cells

A

use VSOAC - volume sensitive organic anion channels
amino acids such as glutamate
without glial cells wouldn’t get level of control needed

36
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

measures electrical activity of large groups of neurones in cortex
frequency of activity varies according to behavioural state
can see differences in sleep, coma, epilepsy

37
Q

delta waves

A

<4 Hz

deep sleep

38
Q

theta waves

A

4-7 Hz

sleep

39
Q

alpha waves

A

8-13 Hz

relaxed wakefulness

40
Q

beta waves

A

13-30 Hz

mental activity

41
Q

prosopagnosia

A

‘face-blindness’
caused by lesions to the temporal lobe
can’t recognise people they know very well
have to use different cues instead e.g. voice, tendencies etc

42
Q

Broca’a area

A

frontal association cortex
lesions affect ability to produce language efficiently
= Broca’s aphasia

43
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

temporal association cortex
damage results in speech that is fluid but makes little sense
= Wernicke’s aphasia

44
Q

‘early’ bilingualism

A

speech areas over-lapping for both languages

both strongly lateralised

45
Q

‘late’ bilingualism

A

speech areas are non-overlapping

much less lateralised

Neuroscience (5 decks)

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