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Endocrine SOH > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellum - function

A

Controls movement

The small brain located under the cerebrum

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2
Q

Brainstem - function and constituents

A

Consists of: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Function: Integrates information

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3
Q

Diencephalon - function and constituents

A

Constituents: thalmus (superior), hypothalamus (inferior)

Central core of cerebrum

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4
Q

Location of pituitary gland

A

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa

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5
Q

What is the pituitary fossa?

A

The space that lies within the sella trucica of the sphenoid bone
Hangs off of the hypothalamus via pituitary stalk
Immediately inferior to the optic chiasm

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6
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Wraps itself round the posterior lobe

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7
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Cluster of nerve cells

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8
Q

Acidophils of the anterior pituitary (2)

A

Red in colour
GH
Prolactin

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9
Q

Basophils of the anterior pituitary

A 
Dark in colour 
ACTH 
TSH
FSH 
LH
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10
Q

Bitemporal hemianopia - eye features

A

Bilateral loss of temporal (lateral) visual fields

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11
Q

The nasal half of the retina is more medial/lateral ?

A

Medial

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12
Q

The temporal half of the retina is more medial/lateral?

A

Lateral

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13
Q

Light rays from the nasal visual field hit the ____ retina and then what happens ?

A

Nasal visual field –> temporal retina (lateral)

The visual pathway then stays lateral

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14
Q

Light rays from the temporal visual field hit the _____ retina and then what happens?

A

Temporal visual field –> nasal retina (medial)

The visual pathway then stays medial (crossing over at the optic chasm occurs)

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15
Q

What is the pathway of light rays from retina –> brain?

A

Retina -> optic canal -> optic chiasm -> thalamus -> optic radiation -> occipital lobe

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16
Q

Which CN is the optic chiasm formed from?

A

CN II

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17
Q

What are the 2 surgical approaches to access the pituitary fossa?

A

Transcranial approach
- via under the frontal lobe

Transphenoidal / Transnasal approach
- via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus

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18
Q

Structures at risk in pituitary gland surgery: optic chiasm

A

Can result in bitemporal haemianopia

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19
Q

Which cranial nerves are at risk in pituitary gland surgery?

A

CN III
CN IV
CN V1, V2, V3
CN VI

20
Q

Thyroid gland composition

A

2 lobes (right and left) connected by an isthmus

21
Q

Thyroid gland main cell involved

A

Follicular epithelial cells which surround the central colloid

22
Q

Thyroid gland occasional cell involved

A

C cell (parafollicular cell) which secretes calcitonin

23
Q

Normal weight of thyroid gland

A

25-30g

24
Q

Is it normal for the thyroid gland to move on swallowing?

A

Yes

25
Q

Thyroid gland location

A

From the 5th cervical vertebrae to the 1st thoracic vertebrae

26
Q

Where is the isthmus located

A

Anterior to the 2nd - 3rd cartilages of the trachea

27
Q

Where is the thyroid gland formed embryologically

A

between the anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
It reaches its final position in the 7th week of foetal development

28
Q

Blood supply to the thyroid glands and parathyroid glands

A

Superior thyroid artery (branch of external carotid artery)
Inferior thyroid artery (branch of subclavian artery)
Thyroid IMA artery (may be absent in some people)

29
Q

Venous drainage from the thyroid glands and parathyroid glands

A

Superior thyroid vein (then drains to IJV)
Middle thyroid vein (then drains to IJV)
Inferior thyroid vein (then drains to brachiocephalic vein)

30
Q

Lymphatic drainage from the thyroid glands and parathyroid glands

A

Superior and inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

Tracheal lymph nodes: pretracheal node (in midline) and paratracheal nodes

31
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there ?

A

4

  • 2 x superior
  • 2 x inferior
32
Q

What is the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland?

A

Only some people have this

It originates from the left lateral lobe usually

33
Q

Where are the platysma muscles located?

A

Located immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck
Can see these muscles when you contract the neck

34
Q

Which cranial nerve are the platysma muscles supplied by?

A

CN VII

35
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the trapezius muscles?

A

CN XI

36
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the sternocleidomatoid muscles?

A

CN XI

37
Q

Superficial strap muscles (2)

A

omohyoid

sternohyoid

38
Q

Deep strap muscles (2)

A

sternothyroid

thyrohyoid

39
Q

Where is the carotid sheath located?

A

Next to the thyroid gland (bilaterally)

40
Q

Carotid sheath constituents

A

Internal jugular vein (lateral)
Vagus nerve
Common carotid arteries until C4 where they bifurcate
(after bifurcation only internal carotid arteries are within the carotid sheath)
Deep cervical lymph nodes

41
Q

Thyroidectomy incision

A

Collar incision just superior to the clavicles and jugular notch.
The incision is made through the skin and platysma muscles

42
Q

Which nerve is at danger of being damaged during a thyroidectomy?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

  • unilateral injury: hoarseness, weakness of voice, weak cough
  • bilateral injury: inability to produce sound, inability to close the rima glottidis
43
Q

Where does the external jugular vein drain into ?

A

The subclavian vein

44
Q

Pathway of the vagus nerve (right)

A 
Descends through carotid sheath 
Sends some nerves off to the larynx 
Descends through the chest 
- lateral to the trachea 
- posterior to lung hilum 
- posterior to oesophagus 
passes with the oesophagus through to the diaphragm 
divides into terminal branches at the abdomen
45
Q

Pathway of the vagus nerve (left)

A

Descends through the carotid sheath
Sends some nerves off to the larynx
Descends through the chest
- descends at the left side of the aortic arch
- posterior to lung hilum
- anterior to oesophagus
passes with the oesophagus through to the diaphragm
divides into terminal branches at the abdomen

46
Q

Course of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Hooks under the subclavian artery

47
Q

Course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Hooks under the arch of the aorta

Endocrine SOH (25 decks)

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