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semester 1 > Family Policy > Flashcards

Family Policy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ways the family is a unit of reproduction

A

Emotional support
Socialisation
Physical care

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2
Q

What did parsons say about understanding families

A

Family exists for the socialisation of children and emotional and psychological support for adults - especially male workers

The family has become the isolated nuclear family

Different family members have different functions

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3
Q

What are Marxist critiques of the functionalist view of the family

A

The family supports capitalist society
Domestic labour debate - housewife as cheap labour
The family as an oppressive institution

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4
Q

What are feminist critique of the functionalist view of the family

A

Public/private divide - split between the public domains (makes) and the private domain (females)
The ‘black box’ - hidden nature of the family, cannot make assumptions about what is inside without opening the box and looking inside
Gender and power - the family as a site of unequal gender power relationships

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5
Q

What are the two ways the family is an economic unit

A

Unit of consumption

Unit of production

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6
Q

What are the three functions of the family

A

Reproductive unit
Economic unit
Ideological unit

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7
Q

Who states that ‘the major significance of the family in Britain today is ideological’. The family is seen as ‘naturally give and as socially and morally desirable

A

Barrett and mcintosh

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8
Q

What did Wilmott and Young study and find out

A

Studied families in east London

Found they still relied heavily on extended families

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9
Q

What did Morgan look at in ‘family practices

A

Meanings in family life
Active rather than passive
Nature of family relationships and family negotiations
Family moralities

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10
Q

Who said ‘family is a facet of social life, not a social institution, it represents a quality rather than a thing’

A

Morgan

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11
Q

Who spoke about the pure relationship

A

Giddens

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12
Q

What is defined as ‘a situation where a relationship is entered into for its own sake, for what can be derived by each person from a sustained association with another, and which is continued only in so far as it is thought by both parties to deliver enough satisfaction for each individual to stay within it

A

The pure relationship

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13
Q

What are the three types of love Giddens talked about

A

Economic love
Romantic love
Confluent love

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14
Q

What did Giddens mean by economic love

A

Marriages were contracted on economic circumstances

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15
Q

What did Giddens mean by romantic love

A

The search for the life time partner, the soul mate

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16
Q

How did Giddens describe Confluent love

A

Active, contingent and democratic

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17
Q

How did Smart and Neale criticise the pure relationship

A

Doesn’t deal with the difficulties of separating and moving on
The nuclear family ideal is backed up by very powerful institutional structures
Moving from one partner to another ignores the effect on children
Having children makes relationships more complex on all levels including emotional and financial

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18
Q

How did Jamieson criticise the pure relationship

A

If these changes had really taken place we would have seen a much greater transformation in social divisions and inequalities
Evidence suggests that pure relationships are at best only possible for the lucky few
Pure relationships do not allow for the very messy and asymmetric character of people’s real lives

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19
Q

What did beck and beck-gernsheim say about relationships

A

Increasing individualisation
Social fear of risk
Trying to find security in a precarious environment
The search for the right way to live

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20
Q

What did beck and beck-gernsheim say about love

A

Provides us with a sense of personal validity and worth
Depends on an active agent, making choices
Is not justified on formal or traditional lines but on emotional and individual ones
Is founded on itself
Is security
Is a blank that lovers must fill in
Requires consent not force
Is ultimately subjective

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21
Q

What did beck and beck-gernsheim say there is instead of stability and security

A

More changes and uncertainty
Fore fluidity and choice
But potentially more fragile

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22
Q

What are the two types of biography beck and beck gernsheim spoke about

A

Standard biography

Choice biography

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23
Q

What did beck and beck gernsheim mean by standard biography

A

Jobs for life
Marriage
Religion

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24
Q

What did beck and beck gernsheim mean by choice biography

A

Individuals seek to construct their own lives through individual choices

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25
Q

How did Smart and Shipman criticise beck and beck-gernsheim

A 
Bleak and pessimistic 
Focus on the push and pull factors 
Marginalise difference 
Monochrome and one dimensional 
If you look at qualitative research with families you see that there is considerable diversity
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26
Q

What did Gross say about regulative tradition

A

Involves threats of exclusion from various moral communities
Individual groups such as gays and lesbians have managed to break away from regulative traditions
Regulative traditions are in decline

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27
Q

Who spoke about regulative tradition

A

Gross

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28
Q

Who said these things:
Family exists for the socialisation of children and emotional and psychological support for adults - especially male workers
The family has become the isolated nuclear family
Different family members have different functions

A

Parsons

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29
Q

Who studied families in east London and found they still relied heavily on extended families

A

Wilmott and Young

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30
Q

Who spoke about romantic, economic and Confluent love

A

Giddens

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31
Q

Who criticised the pure relationship

A

Jamieson

Smart and Neale

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32
Q

Who spoke about standard and choice biography

A

Beck and Beck gernsheim

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33
Q

Who said this about love
Provides us with a sense of personal validity and worth
Depends on an active agent, making choices
Is not justified on formal or traditional lines but on emotional and individual ones
Is founded on itself
Is security
Is a blank that lovers must fill in
Requires consent not force
Is ultimately subjective

A

Beck and beck gernsheim

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34
Q 
Who said this about relationships 
Increasing individualisation 
Social fear of risk 
Trying to find security in a precarious environment 
The search for the right way to live
A

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim

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35
Q

Who spoke about meaning constitutive tradition

A

Gross

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36
Q

What did gross say about meaning constitutive tradition

A

Ways of being that are passed down through generations
- eg language and cultural traditions
We are embedded in culture and history
Therefore traditions still remain of central importance in contemporary societies

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37
Q

What did Giddens say about children

A

Seem to get in the way of a pure relationship and the ending of one

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38
Q

Who said children seem to get in the way of a pure relationship and the ending of one

A

Giddens

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39
Q

What did beck and beck-gernsheim say about children

A

Love for a child can be ‘a tie which is more elemental, profound and durable than any other in this society’

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40
Q

Who said love for a child can be ‘a tie which is more elemental, profound and durable than any other in this society’

A

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim

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41
Q

What is self biography

A

You are active in shaping your life

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42
Q

Who criticises individualisation thesis

A

Smart

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43
Q

How did Smart criticise individualisation thesis

A

The notion of a personal life captures the social as well as the individual
Personal life is embedded in the social, legal, economic etc
The notions of personal lives recognises the ‘meaning constitutive traditions’

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44
Q

What did smart say about personal life

A

It is not bounded, there is space for families but also friends
It is not static/stationary, as the family can appear to be
It has no boundaries

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45
Q

Who said this about personal life:
It is not bounded, there is space for families but also friends
It is not static/stationary, as the family can appear to be
It has no boundaries

A

Smart

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46
Q

What did Smart say about sociology of personal lives

A 
It can capture and recognise aspects of life often treated as subfields 
It breaks away from white middle-class heterosexual notions of family
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47
Q

Who said this about sociology of personal lives:
It can capture and recognise aspects of life often treated as subfields
It breaks away from white middle-class heterosexual notions of family

A

Smart

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48
Q

Who spoke about the contributions of friendship to social life

A

Allan

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49
Q

What did Allan say the contributions of friendship are to social life

A

Sociability
Practical support
Emotional support
Conformation of identity

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50
Q 
Who said the contributions of friendship to social life are:
Sociability 
Practical support 
Emotional support 
Conformation of identity
A

Allan

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51
Q

Who spoke about categories of friendship

A

Pahl

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52
Q

Why did Pahl say the four categories of friendship are

A

Firefighter friend
Champagne friend
Heartsinking friend
Fossil friend

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53
Q

What is a firefighter friend

A

Called on only in an emotional crisis

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54
Q

What is a champagne friend

A

Just for fun

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55
Q

What is a heartsinking friend

A

Someone you don’t really want to spend time with

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56
Q

What is a fossil friend

A

Someone dropped out but easily reactivated

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57
Q

What did Pahl say the two distinct processes that were occurring on terms of friendship are

A

Friendships on the rise

Our expectations are changing

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58
Q

Want are benefits of virtual friendship and Internet communication

A

Anonymity allows for greater self disclosure with strangers
Relationships are not initially hampered by other social factors
It is easy to find like or similar others
The Internet can be helpful for those who have difficulty forging relationships

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59
Q

What percentage of people lived alone in 1953

A

3%

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60
Q

What percentage of households in London and Paris were single by 1990

A

40% in London

50% in Paris

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61
Q

What was the growth figures single person households between 1991 and 2011

A

2.2 million to 4.4 million

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62
Q

How much did the percentage of 16-59 year olds living alone increase by from 1971-2002

A

Trebled from 5% to 16%

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63
Q

What makes up 1/3 of all households in Britain

A

Solo living

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64
Q

Is solo living more common amount older or younger people

A

Older people

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65
Q

What percentage of women aged 30-39 live alone

A

46%

66
Q

Who spoke about individualisation

A

Beck and Beck-Gernsheim

67
Q

What did beck and beck-gernsheim say about individualisation

A

Most of the traditional divisions, certainties and relations that characterised the first modernity have now been dissolved
No longer a job for life
Women are not expected to stay at home
Meaning of marriage has changed completely
We negotiate our way through life as individuals not a collective
Active role in making a life for oneself
Easy to retreat from the risks of marriage and family

68
Q

Who spoke about families of choice

A

Weeks

69
Q

What did Weeks say about families of choice

A

Flexible, supportive network of friends, lovers, even members of family of origin
The family of choice is as real as a family of origin
The idea of a chosen family is a very powerful and symbolic one

70
Q

What did the CAVA conclude about friendship

A

Friendships very important
Consciously trying to create a way of life which met their needs for connection with others
Placed a high value in the way friends cared and supported without infringing on personal boundaries or risk of deep emotional relationships

71
Q

Who spoke about what has not changed about friendships

A

Jamieson

72
Q

What did Jamieson say has not changed about friendships

A

Still strong gender patterning of friendships
Gender segregated patterns firmly established in childhood
Men tend to have friendships with men and women with women but not the other way around
Strong heterosexual assumptions about men and women mean it is still hard to cross gendered relationships

73
Q

On average how many friends do people make and lose in a lifetime

A

396 made over a lifetime but 363 lost - have 33

74
Q

What did Munice say about family policy

A

The represents ways in which ‘stereotypes, norms and ideals of family life have organised political rhetoric and policy making’

75
Q

Who said family policy represents ways in which ‘stereotypes, norms and ideals of family life have organised political rhetoric and policy making’

A

Muncie

76
Q

What percentage of children were born outside of marriage in the early/mid 70s

A

8%

77
Q

What percentage of children were born outside of marriage in the late 2000s

A

46%

78
Q

What percentage of single women were cohabiting in 1979

A

8%

79
Q

What percentage of single women were cohabiting late 2000s

A

26%

80
Q

What was the median age of a first marriage in the mid/late 1970s

A

21/24

81
Q

What was the median age of a first marriage in the late 2000s

A

30/32

82
Q

What was the number of abortions from women aged 15-44 in the early/mid 1970s

A

161000

83
Q

What was the number of abortions from women aged 15-44 in the late 2000s

A

215903

84
Q

What was the fertility rate in the early/mid 1970s

A

84

85
Q

What was the fertility rate in the late 2000s

A

64

86
Q

What was the divorce rate in the mid/late 1970s

A

5.9

87
Q

What was the divorce rate in the late 2000s

A

11.9

88
Q

What percentage of the population was under 16 in the mid/late 1970s

A

13

89
Q

What percentage of the population was over 65 in the mid/late 1970s

A

13

90
Q

What percentage of the population was under 16 in the late 2000s

A

19

91
Q

What percentage of the population was over 65 in the late 2000s

A

16

92
Q

What are the 3 areas of family policy outlined by Millar and Haux

A

The legal regulation of family behaviour
Policies to support family income
The provision of services for families

93
Q

What are 4 categories of family policy schemes

A

Pro-family/pro-natalist
Pro-traditionalist
Pro-egalitarian
Pro-family but non-interventionist

94
Q

What does being Pro-family/pro-natalist mean

A

Maintain birth rate through policies to help mothers reconcile work and family life

95
Q

What is an example of a country that uses Pro-family/pro-natalist policies

A

France

96
Q

What does a country using pro-traditional policies mean

A

Preserve the family through self and community support

Policies support women to stay at home

97
Q

What is an example of a country that uses pro traditional policies

A

Germany

98
Q

What does a country using pro-egalitarian policies mean

A

Promotion of gender equality in home/labour market

Policies to support dual worker/career roles

99
Q

What is an example of a country that uses pro-egalitarian policies

A

Sweden

Denmark

100
Q

What does a country using pro-family but non-interventionist policies mean

A

Support is targeted only at those in need, limited support for working parents

101
Q

What is an example of a country that uses pro-family but non-interventionist policies

A

U.K.

USA

102
Q

What were three things outlined by new labour

A

Children must come first
Children need stability
Families raise children

103
Q

What 5 areas did Millar and Ridge speak about to support families

A 
Better financial support for families
Helping families balance work and home 
Better service and support for parents 
Strengthen marriage 
Better support for serious problems
104
Q

How did Millar and Ridge suggest providing better financial support for families

A 
Higher child benefits 
New tax credits for poor working families 
The new deal for lone parents 
Education maintenance allowance pilots 
Reform of child support
105
Q

What did Millar and Ridge suggest to help families balance work and home

A

Setting framework of family friendly employee rights
Promoting family friendly employment practices
National childcare strategy

106
Q

How did Millar and Ridge suggest providing better services and support for parents

A

National family and parenting institute
National parenting helpline and other advice services
Enhanced role for health visitors
The sure start programme

107
Q

What did Millar and Ridge suggest to strengthen marriages

A

Measures to strengthen the institution of marriage

Counselling and support for all families

108
Q

What did Millar and Ridge suggest to provide better support for serious family problems

A

Reduce school truancy, exclusions and under-performance
Reduce youth offending
Reduce teenage pregnancy
Reduce domestic violence

109
Q

What vital changes did civil registration introduce

A

Baby naming
Unmarried fathers parental rights
Choice in marriage settings
Death registration - life partners and still births

110
Q

What two types of changes did Finch talk about

A

Facilitative

Persuasive

111
Q

Who spoke about persuasive and facilitative changes

A

Finch

112
Q

What did finch mean by facilitative changes

A

There are elements in the changes which are facilitative of more diverse patterns of partnering and parenting

113
Q

What did finch mean by persuasive changes

A

Consistent with changes in family policies moving away from basing family policy on what is to a focus on what ought to be

114
Q

What are 6 key policy areas focused on by new labour from 1997-2010

A 
Early education and childcare 
Financial support for families with children 
Services for young children
Employment activation 
Work family reconciliation 
Parental responsibility and behaviour
115
Q

How did new labour suggest improving early education and childcare

A

Expansion of child care and early years services as part of national childcare strategy

116
Q

How did new labour suggest improving financial support for families with children

A

Introduction of tax credits and increased financial support for families with children

117
Q

How did new labour suggest improving services for young children and their families

A

Introduction of sure start

118
Q

How did new labour suggest improving employment activation

A

New deal for lone parents and welfare-to-work reform

119
Q

How did new labour suggest improving work-family reconciliation

A

Extension of maternity leave, introduction of paternity leave, right to request flexible working

120
Q

How did new labour suggest improving parental responsibility and behaviour

A

Greater intervention in family life eg parenting classes

121
Q

Who spoke about 4 key themes underpinning policy

A

Williams

122
Q

What 4 key themes underpinning policy did William’s speak about

A

Focus on ‘hard working’ families supporting employment
Social investment policies - focus on investing in children as citizens of the future
Focus on parenting and parental responsibilities
Acknowledgement of diversity in family life

123
Q

What were effects of the 2010 budget and spending review

A

Major cuts in welfare provisions and public sector services
Social security reductions and changes
Families with children particularly affected - especially new families, low-income working families and large families
Loss of legal aid in family law cases

124
Q

What 3 areas did the 2014 children and families act look at

A

Protection for vulnerable children
Work-life balance policies
Family justice system

125
Q

How did the 2014 children and families actin crease protection for vulnerable children

A

Encouraging more and faster adoptions
Supporting children in care
New system to help children with special education needs and disabilities

126
Q

What work life balance policies did the 2014 children and families act introduce

A

Shared parental leave
Time off for ante natal care
Extended right to request flexible working to all employees

127
Q

How did the 2014 children and families act improve the family justice system

A

Encouraging mediation to avoid cases going to court

Encouraging involvement of both parents after separation

128
Q

What are 4 current conservative policies affecting families

A

Increase of free childcare hours for 3&4 year olds from 15 hours to 30 hours
New living wage
Welfare system reform
Commitment to eradicate child poverty by 2020 scrapped and re-defined

129
Q

When was the increase of free childcare hours for 3&4 year olds from 15 hours to 30 hours introduced

A

September 2017

130
Q

What is the new living wage and when was it introduced

A

£7.20 per hour for over 25s

Introduced April 2016

131
Q

When was the civil partnership act introduced

A

2004

132
Q

What are reforms affecting the nuclear family

A 
NHS family planning act 1967
Abortion act 1967
Divorce reform act 1969
Matrimonial property act 1970
Matrimonial cause act 1973
133
Q

What year was the divorce reform act

A

1969

134
Q

After the 1969 divorce reform act under what circumstances could people divorce

A

After adultery
After unreasonable behaviour
Separation for 2 years with consent
Separation for 5 years without consent

135
Q

When was the matrimonial and family proceedings act introduced

A

1984

136
Q

What did the matrimonial and family proceedings act do

A

Allowed to file for divorce after one year of marriage

137
Q

What reasons did Dormor give for the rise in divorce rates

A

Removal of legal, economic and social barriers
Social and structural changes
Changing values and expectations
Circumstances of marriage

138
Q

What did Elliot say the consequence of divorce are

A 
Breaks intimate relations 
Disrupts parental relations 
Disrupts social networks 
Financial disruptions 
Status change
139
Q

Who spoke about the consequences of divorce

A

Elliot

140
Q

Who spoke about reasons for rising divorce rates

A

Dormor

141
Q

What percentage of marriages end in divorce

A

42%

142
Q

By what time do half of divorces occur

A

In the first 10 years

143
Q

What percentage of marriages reach their 20th anniversary

A

60%

144
Q

How long is the average marriage expected to last

A

32 years

145
Q

What do Beaujouan and Bhrolchain say about cohabitation

A

More cohabiting couples are separating without marrying
Fewer marry than 20 years ago
Remains a relatively short term type of relationship
At the tenth anniversary of moving in together:
- half of them have married
- just under 4/10 have separated
- slightly over 1/10 are still cohabiting

146
Q

What does the marriage transferable tax allowance do

A

‘To recognise marriage and civil partnerships through the income tax system’
Tax break will be worth up to £200 a year
Cohabiters excluded regardless of length of partnership
Designed to help those on low and middle income, but this has been questioned

147
Q

Who states that marriage is still valued

A

De Waal

148
Q

According to De Waal what percentage of young people would like to get married

A

70%

149
Q

What 3 family models did Millar and Warman say obligations are placed on

A

Nuclear family
Individual
Extended family

150
Q

In what countries are obligations placed on the individual

A

Denmark
Finland
Norway
Sweden

151
Q

In what countries are obligations placed on the extended family

A

Portugal
Spain
Italy
Greece

152
Q

In what countries are obligations placed on the nuclear family

A

UK
France
Germany
Belgium

153
Q

What did Thevenon say the six main aims of family support policies in Europe are

A

Poverty reduction and income maintenance
Direct compensation for the economic cost of children
Fostering employment
Improving gender equity
Support for early childhood development
Raising birth rates

154
Q

What 5 money allocation systems did vogler and Pahl speak about

A 
Whole wage 
Shared allowance 
Shared management - common pool
Shared management - partial pool
Independent management
155
Q

What reasons did Burgoyne and Morison give for independent management

A 
Convenience 
Avoids complications 
Avoids conflict 
Autonomy and independence 
Hedging bets
Inheritance
156
Q

What 5 money allocation systems did vogler and Pahl speak about

A 
Whole wage 
Shared allowance 
Shared management - common pool
Shared management - partial pool
Independent management
157
Q

What reasons did Burgoyne and Morison give for independent management

A 
Convenience 
Avoids complications 
Avoids conflict 
Autonomy and independence 
Hedging bets
Inheritance
158
Q

What did Milar and Warman say about family obligations

A

What people believe is the right thing to do in a particular situation
What they do when faced with choices
What the law says they must do

159
Q

What did Finch and Mason say about family obligations

A 
No clear consensus on normative views
The amount people actually do is pretty high
Cannot predict who will do what 
A process of negotiation over time 
In practice women do more
160
Q

What did Lewis say about the breadwinner model

A 
Has only ever represented a proportion of families 
Working class families in particular have often had to be engaged in paid employment

Now financial interdependence

161
Q

What did Creighton say about the male breadwinner model

A 
Sexual division of labour
Economic support for families 
Distribution of time between home and workplace
Regulation of marriage and parenthood
Decline in model

semester 1 (2 decks)

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