Approaches

Question 1

Name the 2 things that come under the learning approach (approaches)

Answer 1

Behaviourism (classical + operant conditioning), SLT

Question 2

Name the researcher/research into classical conditioning (approaches)

Answer 2

Pavlov - dogs

Question 3

Name the researcher/research into operant conditioning (approaches)

Answer 3

Skinner - rats

Question 4

Give the 3 types of consequences of behaviour that Skinner states (approaches)

Answer 4

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment

Question 5

Give a real-life application made from behaviourism in the learning theory (approaches)

Answer 5

Token economies (operant conditioning)

Question 6

Name the key researcher in the social learning theory(approaches)

Answer 6

Bandura

Question 7

Name the 4 mediational processes that Bandura came up with (approaches)

Answer 7

Attention, retention, motivation, reproduction

Question 8

Name the 2 ideas that Bandura came up with in the social learning theory (approaches)

Answer 8

Mediational processes, identification with models

Question 9

How does the SLT underestimate biological factors?(approaches)

Answer 9

In Bandura’s study, boys were always more aggressive than girls

Question 10

Give the 3 subheadings under the cognitive approach(approaches)

Answer 10

Theoretical/computer models, schemas, emergence of cognitive neuroscience

Question 11

Describe the theoretical model in the cognitive approach(approaches)

Answer 11

Information processing, input, output

Question 12

Give an example of a theoretical model in the cognitive approach(approaches)

Answer 12

Multi-store model of memory

Question 13

Describe the computer model in the cognitive approach(approaches)

Answer 13

Coding, central processing unit, stores

Question 14

Define a ‘schema’ in the cognitive approach(approaches)

Answer 14

Package of pre-existing knowledge about the world, developed through experience

Question 15

What does a schema do in the cognitive approach(approaches)

Answer 15

Acts as mental framework for future situations

Question 16

Give an example of where cognitive neuroscience has led to mapping an area of the brain (approaches)

Answer 16

Broca’s area - speech production

Question 17

Name the 2 brain imaging techniques in the cognitive approach

Answer 17

FMRIs + PET scans

Question 18

What does FMRI stand for in the cognitive approach?

Answer 18

Functional magnetic resonance imagine

Question 19

What does PET scan stand for in the cognitive approach?

Answer 19

Positron emission tomography

Question 20

In the emergence of cognitive neuroscience section in the cognitive approach, give an example of a mental disorder and the area it’s linked to (approaches)

Answer 20

OCD, parahippocampal gyrus

Question 21

What is the main point that the biological approach makes?

Answer 21

Everything psychological is first biological

Question 22

Name the 3 subheadings under the biological approach (approaches)

Answer 22

Genetic basis of behaviour, genotype/phenotype, evolution

Question 23

What is meant by the genetic basis of behaviour and how is it measured in the biological approach

Answer 23

Likelihood of gaining genetic traits, twin studies (concordance rates)

Question 24

Define ‘genotype’ in the biological approach

Answer 24

Actual genetic makeup

Question 25

Define ‘phenotype’ in the biological approach

Answer 25

Physical expression of gene

Question 26

Name the researcher into evolution and give an example (biological approach)

Answer 26

Darwin, giraffes with long necks

Question 27

Give a real-life application of the biological approach

Answer 27

Psychoactive drugs in depression

Question 28

Name the key researcher in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 28

Freud

Question 29

What 2 things does the unconscious contain in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 29

Instincts, repressed memories

Question 30

Name the 3 parts of the personality in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 30

Id, ego, superego

Question 31

Describe the id in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 31

Seeks pleasure and to reduce discomfort

Question 32

Describe the ego in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 32

Reduces conflict between the id and superego

Question 33

Describe the superego in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 33

The moral part (right and wrong)

Question 34

Name the 5 psychosexual stages that Freud identifies in the psychodynamic approach

Answer 34

Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

Question 35

Name the 2 researchers in the humanist approach

Answer 35

Maslow, Rogers

Question 36

Name the 5 components of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the humanist approach

Answer 36

Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualisation

Question 37

The humanist approach states we are ‘active agents’, what is meant by this?

Answer 37

We can choose whether internal and external factors affect us; free will

Question 38

In the humanist approach, self-actualisation can’t occur without congruence, what is congruence?

Answer 38

When concept of self and ideal self are equal

Question 39

Define ‘self-actualisation’ in the humanist approach

Answer 39

The innate tendency to achieve your full potential

Question 40

What did Rogers develop from the humanist approach?

Answer 40

Client-centred therapy

Question 41

What does Rogers say we must be treated with in the humanist approach?

Answer 41

Unconditional positive regard