Pulmonology Flashcards
How does a spontaneous pneumothorax develop into a tension pneumothorax?
If air can enter the pleural space during inspiration but not escape during expiration
Explain the pathophysiology of a spontaneous pneumothorax?
The rupture of a subpleural bleb resulting in free communication of air between the atmosphere and pleural space. As air rushes into the plaural space, and the lung collapses.
What is the result of lung collapse?
Results in ventilation-perfusion mismatch as blood flows past the unventilated lung
What is the consequence of an increasing pneumothorax?
As the pneumothorax increases, so does the degree of hypoxia
Classically, how will a pneumothorax clinically present?
- With an acute onset of dyspnea and ipsilateral pleuritic chest pain
- The pain is described as sharp and stabbing and often worsens with inspiration
A patient presents with tachypnea, tachycardia,and hypotention. Upon PE there are decreased breath sounds localized to the right side. The patent is also experiencing an elevated jugular venous pressure. What would you expect the X ray to reveal?
- tracheal deviation away from the pneumothorax
- hyperlucency
- lack of pulmonary vascular markings at the lung periphery
(tension pneumothorax)
A patient presents with tachypnea, tachycardia,and hypotention. Upon PE there are decreased breath sounds localized to the right side. The patent is also experiencing an elevated jugular venous pressure. What is the next step in evaluating this patient?
Chest Radiograph
If a chest x ray does not show a highly suspected pneumothorax, what is an alternate diagnostic study? And explain why this method is helpful?
Expiratory films
-during expiration, the air in the pleural space cannot be exhaled; thus the affected hemithorax cannot decrease in volume to the same degree as the normal lung
What is the treatment for a < 15% volume pneumothorax?
Conservative: observation and supplemental oxygen
At what rate is the pleura reabsorbed when treating a pneumothorax?
at a rate of 2% per day
What is the treatment for a > 15% volume pneumothorax?
Needle or tube thoracostomy `
What is the treatment for a tension pneumothorax?
-Needle decompression (even before the chest x-rays are taken)
What is the procedure for a needle decompression?
- Inserting a 14 gauge IV catheter into the pleural space at the level of the 2nd intercostal space, midclavicular line
- This is followed promptly by a tube thoracostomy
What are the 3 major contributing factors leading to deep venous thromboembolism known as Virchow triad?
- Venous stasis
- Vessel injury
- Hypercoagulable states
Congestive heart failure is an example of which of the following?
A. Venous stasis
B. Vessel Injury
C. Hypercoagulable state
A. venous stasis
Malignancy, deficiency of antithrombin III, protein C, or protein S, nephrotic syndrome and ulcerative colitis are all examples of which of the following?
A. Venous stasis
B. Vessel Injury
C. Hypercoagulable state
C. Hypercoagulable state
Vasculitis, central lines, and previous hx of DVT are examples of which of the following?
A. Venous stasis
B. Vessel Injury
C. Hypercoagulable state
B. Vessel Injury
Increased estrogen, antiphospholipid antibodies and sepsis are all examples of which of the following?
A. Venous stasis
B. Vessel Injury
C. Hypercoagulable state
C. Hypercoagulable state
A patient is having pain behind the knee on forceful dorsiflexion of foot–what is this sign called? And what is this indicative of?
- Homans sign
- Indicative of DVT
A patient is presenting with unilateral edema 3cm circumfrential difference in extremity. Is this significant?
Yes. Anything greater than > 1.5 is significant.
A patient is presenting with unilateral edema that is 2 cm of circumfrential difference, pain in the extremity, and eliciting Homans sign. What is the next step in evaluating this patient?
-Duplex U/S
A patient is presenting with unilateral edema that is 2 cm of circumfrential difference, pain in the extremity, and eliciting Homans sign. What is the gold standard in evaluating this patients suspected diagnosis?
Venography
A patient is presenting with unilateral edema that is 2 cm of circumfrential difference, pain in the extremity, and eliciting Homans sign. What laboratory studies are a part of the workup for this suspected diagnosis?
CBC, PT, PTT
A patient is suspected of having a pulmonary embolism. What would you expect their V/Q scan to be?
A. Normal
B. Low
C. High
C. High V/Q
Which of the following is not a side effect to Corticosteroids?
A. DM B. HIV C. Renal failure D. Edema E. Osteoporosis F. Growth delays G. HTN
G. HTN
Which anticholinergic has been known to cause BPH in men treated with asthma?
Ipratroprium (Atrovent)
A patient is administered Prednisolone and wants to know how long it will take to “work”. What do you tell this patient?
4-8 HRS (for both oral and IV)
What is the benefit of corticosteroids in asthma patients?
Steroids decrease relapse and reverse the late pathophysiology
Which asthma medication is most useful in the first hour?
Ipratropium (Atrovent)
Which medication can you give for a patient for exercise-induced asthma prophylaxis? Explain how this medication works.
Cromolyn; Nedocromil
Mast-cell modifiers: inhibits acute phase response; inhibits mast cell & leukotriene-mediated degranulation
What is the drug of choice for long-term, persistent chronic asthma? What is a side effect of this drug of choice?
Beclomethasone (Beclovent)
Flunisolide (Aerobid)
Triamcinolone (Azamacort)
What is the 1st line of tx for an asthma exacerbation? What is the method of administration of this drug?
B2 agonist: Albuterol (Proventil) Levalbuterol (Xopenex) Terbutaline (Brethine) Epinephrine*
- Metered Dose Inhaler
- Nebulizer (most commonly used in the ED)***
What is the onset of the Emergency tx for an asthma exacerbation?
2-5 minutes *SA B2 agonists
What is the tx for acute bronchiolitis?
Supportive: humidified O2 + acetomenophen/ibuprofen for fever; mechanical ventilation if severe
A patient with acute bronchiolitis is having refractory respiratory distress. Albuterol does not seem to be effective. What is the next step in managing this patient?
Nebulized racemic epinephrine
In a patient with acute bronchiolitis, when is it appropriate to give corticosteroids?
If the patient has hx of underlying reactive airway disease
In an immunocompromised with acute bronchiolitis, what tx is sometimes used in addition to the humidified O2?
Ribavarin (also used for Hep C)
For high-risk patients, what is an appropriate prophylactic that can be used?
Palivuzumab
hand-washing is preventative
How is RSV transmitted?
Transmitted via direct contact with secretions and self inoculation by contaminated hands
Why should you be careful in prescribing Azithromycin for Pertussis in infants <1 month?
Because it increases risk for pyloric stenosis