FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY CH 1 Flashcards
what is OSTEOPENIA?
refers to bone mineral density BMD that is lower than normal peak but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis.
What is OSTEOPOROSIS?
irreversible decrease in mineralized bony tissue.
what is a joint?
a point of articulation between two or more bones, especially such a connection that allows motion.
what is FIBRUOUS JOINTS?
consist of two bones that are united by fibruous tissue and exhibit little or no movement.
what is SYNOVIAL JOINTS?
contain synovial fluid and allow for considerable movement betw articulating bones.
what is hyaline cartilage?
a tough, elastic fibrous connective tissue found in various parts of the body, such as the joints, outer ear, and larynx.
what is FIBROCARTILAGE?
cartilage that allows for greater movement capabilities due to its flexible nature.
what is a articular disc?
a plate or ring of fibrocartilage attached to the joint capsule and separating the articular surfaces of the bones.
what is a joint capsule?
a sac enclosing a joint, formed by an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.
what is a periosteum?
the dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones except at the joints and serving as an attachment for muscles and tendons.
what are ligaments?
tough fibrous band of connective tissue that supports internal organs and holds bones together properly in joints.
what are tendons?
a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.
what is synovial membrane?
a layer of connective tissue which lines the joint and produces synovial fluid.
what is bursa?
a tiny fluid filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body.
what is hypermobility?
describes joints that stretch further than is normal.
what is muscle fascia?
thickened connective tissue that envelops a muscle or a group of muscles.
what is myofibrils?
thread like fibrils that make up the contractile part of a striated muscle fiber.
what is myofilaments?
made up of actin and myosin, that are the structural units of a myofibril.
what is myosin?
a contractile protein in muscle cells, responsible for the elastic and contractile properties of muscle. it is commonly referred to as the thick contractile protein.
what is actin?
a protein found in muscle that together with myosin functions in muscle contraction. It is commonly referred to as the thin contractile protein.
what is anatomical position?
a reference posture used in anatomical description in which the subject stands erect w/ feet parallel and arms adducted and supinated, w/ palms facing forward.
what is midline?
the median plane of the body.
what is anterior axillary line?
creased of the axilla (underarm)
what is midaxillary line?
a perpendicular line drawn downward from the apex of the axilla.
what is anterior?
placed before or in front.
what is posterior?
located behind a part or toward the rear of a structure.
what is proximal?
situated nearest to a point of attachment or origin.
what is distal?
situated farthest from point of attachment or origin, as of a limb or bone.
what is medial?
at, in, near or being the center, dividing a person into right and left halves.
what is lateral?
situated or extending away from the medial plane of the body.
what is lpsilateral?
on, or relating to , the same side of the body.
what is contralateral?
on, or relating to the opposite side of the body.
what is superficial?
shallow proximity in relation to a surface.
what is deep?
extending inward in relation to a surface layer.
what is flexion?
to bend, in hinge joints, the articulating bones move closer together; in ball and socket joints, the limb moves anterior to the midaxillary line.
what is extension?
to straighten or extend; in hinge joints the articulating bones move away from each other; in ball and socket joints, the limb moves posterior to the midaxillary line.
what is lateral flexion?
spinal movement to the left or right occurs at the neck and trunk.
what is protraction?
movt. of a structure toward the anterior surface in a straight horizontal line.
what is retraction?
movt back tot he anatomical positon or additionally, posterior to functional range of motion.
what is dorsi flexion?
movt of the ball of the foot towards the shin.
what is plantar flexion?
foot movt towards the plantar surface.
what is pronation?
unique rotation of the forearm which crosses the radius and ulna. the palm faces posterior. (prone means lying face down).
what is supination?
unique rotation of the forearm where the radius and ulna uncross. the palm face anteriorly. (means lying face up).
what is inversion?
confined to the ankle; consists of turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces medially.
