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Anatomy > Formation Of The Body Plan > Flashcards

Formation Of The Body Plan Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up a blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast
ICM
Blastocoel

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2
Q

What does the ICM form?

A

Hypoblast

Epiblast

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3
Q

What is Meckels diverticulum?

A

Remnant of yolk sac- small bulge in intestine

2% population

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4
Q

What does ectoderm form?

A

Epidermis- skin, hair follicles, nails, sweat glands
Nervous system
Some cartilage/bone of head

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5
Q

What does mesoderm form?

A 
Notochord
Muscle
Cartilage/bone
Connective tissue
Heart
Kidney
Gonads
Reproductive system
Blood
Vasculature
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6
Q

What does endoderm form?

A 
Epithelial lining of:
Digestive tract
Lungs
Liver
Pancreas
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7
Q

What is invagination?

A

Infolding of cell sheet into embryo

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8
Q

What is involution?

A

Turning in of a cell sheet so it spreads of basal surface of an outer layer

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9
Q

What is ingression

A

Migration of individual cells into embryo interior

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10
Q

What is epiboly?

A

Spreading of an epithelial sheet over deeper cells

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11
Q

What is formed where the Epiblast and Hypoblast are apposed?

A

Rostral buccopharyngeal

Caudal cloacal membranes

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12
Q

What is the primitive streak and when does it form

A
  • Day 14- start of gastrulation

* Ridge of cells along midline of caudal half of Epiblast layer

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13
Q

What is the primitive node and when does it form?

A

After the primitive streak forms

Mound of cells at anterior end of primitive streak

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14
Q

What induces the formation of the primitive node and streak and what’s it made up of?

A
  • Signals from the Hypoblast layer

* Formed on the Epiblast layer

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15
Q

How is the mesoderm layer formed?

A

Epiblast cells ingress through the primitive streak and break away from the Epiblast layer

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16
Q

How is endoderm formed?

A

Cells ingress through primitive streak and displace Hypoblast, becoming endoderm

17
Q

What forms the prechordal mesoderm and notochord?

A

Cells that ingress through the primitive node

They move in the rostral direction

18
Q

Which part of the vertebral column retains notochord cells?

A

Nucleus pulposus

19
Q

What are somites formed from and how often?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

Every 4-5 hours

20
Q

What are the parts of a somite?

A

Sclerotome
Myotome
Dermatome

21
Q

What does the sclerotome form?

A

Axial skeleton

22
Q

What does the myotome form?

A

Skeletal muscles

23
Q

What does the dermatome form?

A

Connective tissue of dermal layer of dorsal skin

24
Q

What does intermediate mesoderm form?

A

Blood cells
Kidneys
Bladder
Reproductive organs

25
Q

How is the ectoderm formed?

A

From non ingressing cells of the Epiblast

26
Q

What is the organiser and why?

A

Primitive node
• Signals mesoderm patterning by releasing Chordin and noggin- inhibitors of BMP (bone mophogenetic protein)
• BMP forms a gradient specifying lateral plate, intermediate, paraxial and axial (dorsal) mesoderm
—> BMP is a morphogen

27
Q

Outline neurulation

A
  • Neural cells elongate becoming columnar
  • Lateral edges rise
  • Neural plate narrows as cells move towards midline
  • Edges meet and fuse to make neural tube and it’s placed beneath dorsal skin
  • Closure occurs first at hind brain/spinal cord boundary and zips up
28
Q

When does neural tube closure happen?

A

Days 18-30

29
Q

What causes anencephaly?

A

Failure to close anterior neural tube- forebrain in contact with amniotic fluid

30
Q

What causes spina bifida?

How can incidence be reduced?

A

Failure to close posterior neuropore- severe neurological impairment. Can be closed surgically.
Folic avid supplements- reduces by 70%

31
Q

What is the neural crest and what does it form?

A

Multipotent stem cells
Lateral edges of neural tube
• Neurones mainly

32
Q

Do invertebrate embryos have neural crest cells?

A

No

33
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches form?

A

1st- jaw bones- maxilla and mandible
1st & 2nd- inner ear- stapes, incus, malleus
2nd- squamosal and alisphenoid bones
3rd & 4th- neck cartilage

34
Q

What is the stage at the end of neurulation?

A

Phylotypic stage

Anatomy (6 decks)

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