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Developmental Psych > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethnography?

A

Participant observation of a culture or distinct social group. By making extensive field notes, the researcher tries to capture the culture’s unique values and social processes

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2
Q

What are structured observations?

A

the investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display the response

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3
Q

What happens in event sampling?

A

the observer records all instances of a particular behavior during a specified time period

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4
Q

How do you counteract the effects of observer bias?

A

hire a trained investigator to carry out a blind observation

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5
Q

What is observer influence?

A

the effects of the observer on the behavior studied

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6
Q

What is time sampling?

A

In this procedure, the researcher records whether certain behaviors occur during a sample of short intervals

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7
Q

What do neurobiological methods in psychological research do?

A

measure the relationship between nervous system processes and behavior; help identify the perceptions, thoughts and emotions of infants and young children who cannot report them themselves

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8
Q

What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

electrodes embedded in a head cap record electrical activity in the brain’s outer layers—the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

What are event-related potentials (ERPs)?

A

Using the EEG, the frequency and amplitude of brain waves in response to particular stimuli (such as a picture, music, or speech) are recorded in multiple areas of the cerebral cortex. Enables identification of general regions of stimulus-induced activity

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10
Q

What is an fMRI?

A

a scanner magnetically detects increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism in precise areas of the brain as the individual processes particular stimuli

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11
Q

What is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)?

A

infrared (invisible) light is beamed at the brain; its absorption by areas of the cerebral cortex varies with changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism as the individual processes particular stimuli. The result is a computerized moving picture of active areas in the cerebral cortex

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12
Q

What brain scanning techniques are safe for all ages?

A

EEG and NIRS, not fMRI

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13
Q

What are the main reasons for conducting a case study?

A

it is well-suited to studying the development of certain types of individuals who are few in number but vary widely in characteristics; you can obtain a very complete picture of the individual’s psychological functioning and the experiences behind it

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14
Q

What is reliability?

A

the consistency, or repeatability, of measures of behavior

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15
Q

What is inter-rater reliability and what is it used for?

A

observers are asked to evaluate the same behaviors, and agreement between them; it is used in observational research

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16
Q

What is test-retest reliability and what is it used for?

A

comparing children’s responses to the same measures on separate occasions to confirm the date; it is used for self-report and neurobiological data

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17
Q

What is validity?

A

how well a research method accurately measures characteristics that the researcher set out to measure.

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18
Q

What is internal validity?

A

the degree to which conditions internal to the design of the study permit an accurate test of the researcher’s hypothesis or question

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19
Q

What is external validity?

A

the degree to which their findings generalize to settings and participants outside the original study

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20
Q

What happens in correlational design?

A

researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants’ characteristics and their behavior or development

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21
Q

What threatens internal validity?

A

confounding variables

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22
Q

Can a measure be reliable but not valid?

A

yes

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23
Q

Can a measure be valid but not reliable?

A

no

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24
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other

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25
Q

How do researchers reduce the effect of confounding variables in an experiment?

A

random assignment and matching

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26
Q

What is matching?

A

participants are measured ahead of time on the factor in ques- tion—in our example, exposure to parental conflict. Then children high and low on that factor are assigned in equal numbers to each treatment condition

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27
Q

What are natural or quasi-experiments?

A

Treatments that already exist, such as different family environments, child-care centers, or schools, are compared. These studies differ from correlational research only in that groups of participants are carefully chosen to ensure that their characteristics are as much alike as possible

28
Q

What is a longitudinal design?

A

participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older

29
Q

What is selective attrition, and in what experimental design is it most often a problem?

A

Participants may move away or drop out for other reasons, and those who continue are likely to differ in important ways from those who drop out; longitudinal design

30
Q

What are practice effects?

A

Their performance of participants may improve as a result of “test-wise” effects—better test-taking skills and increased familiarity with the test—not because of factors commonly associated with development

31
Q

What are some major problems found in many longitudinal studies?

A

biased sampling, selective attrition, practice effects, and cohort effects

32
Q

What are cohort effects?

A

Longitudinal stud- ies examine the development of cohorts— children developing in the same time period who are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions. Results based on one cohort may not apply to children developing at other times

33
Q

What are the advantages of cross-sectional design?

A

it is efficient, can examine trends across different age groups, and there is no selective attrition or practice effects

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of cross-sectional design?

A

cannot examine individual’s trends; cohort effects

35
Q

What is a sequential design?

A

researchers conduct several cross-sectional or longitudinal inves- tigations (called sequences). The sequences might study participants over the same ages but in different years, or they might study participants over different ages but during the same years

36
Q

What are the advantages of sequential design?

A

Longitudinal & cross- sectional comparisons; Reveals cohort effects; Efficient tracking of age- related changes

37
Q

What are disadvantages of sequential design?

A

some of the same as longitudinal and cross-sectional, but design helps identify difficulties

38
Q

What is microgenetic design?

A

an adaptation of the longitudinal approach, pre- sents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. Within this “microcosm” of development, researchers observe how change occurs

39
Q

What is microgenetic design used for?

A

studying cognitive development and to trace infants’ mastery of motor skills

40
Q

What are the advantages of mirogenetic design?

A

researchers can see how change occurs; can conduct an intense study of participants’ moment-by-moment behavior

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of mirogenetic design?

A

Time required difficult to anticipate; practice effects

42
Q

What are the children’s research rights?

A

Protection from harm; Informed consent; Privacy;

Knowledge of results; Beneficial treatments

43
Q

At what age must researchers also receive informed consent from a child in a study and not just the parents?

A

7

44
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

Inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, contained in many proteins, causes severe central nervous system damage in the first year of life

45
Q

Is PKU dominant or recessive?

A

recessive

46
Q

What is the treatment for PKU?

A

Placing the child on a special diet results in average intelligence and normal lifespan. Subtle deficits in memory, planning, decision making, and problem solving are often present

47
Q

What happens in Huntington’s disease?

A

Central nervous system degeneration leads to muscular coordination difficulties, mental deterioration, and personality changes. Symptoms usually do not appear until age 35 or later

48
Q

Is Huntington’s disease dominant or recessive?

A

dominant

49
Q

What is the treatment for Huntington’s disease?

A

None. Death occurs 10 to 20 years after symptom onset

50
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

Abnormal sickling of red blood cells causes oxygen deprivation, pain, swelling, and tissue damage. Anemia and susceptibility to infections, especially pneumonia, occur

51
Q

What is the treatment for sickle cell anemia?

A

Blood transfusions, painkillers, prompt treatment of infection. No known cure; 50 percent die by age 55

52
Q

Is sickle cell anemia dominant or recessive?

A

recessive with incomplete dominance (heterozygous individual affected at high altitudes)

53
Q

What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

A

Degenerative muscle disease. Abnormal gait, loss of ability to walk between 7 and 13 years of age

54
Q

What kind of inheritance pattern is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

A

sex-linked recessive

55
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Forms after 2 weeks; Protective membrane that surrounds the amnion

56
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

becomes nervous system & skin; Neural tube

57
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

muscles, skeleton, circulatory system

58
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands

59
Q

What is the vernix?

A

protects skin from chapping in amniotic fluid

60
Q

What is Lanugo?

A

white, downy hair covering body

61
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

Formed from ectoderm; Home of neural progenitor cells

62
Q

What is the ventricular zone?

A

Walls of neural tube; Migrate to become gray matter of corte

63
Q

How would you describe migration?

A

when neurons Leave ventricular zone early they Become deep layers of cortex;
when they Leave ventricular zone late they Become more superficial layers of cortex (travel further)

64
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

Process where neurons form synapses with other neurons; Results in trillions of connections

65
Q

What is synapse elimination?

A

Normal developmental process in which Synapses rarely activated are eliminated

Developmental Psych (2 decks)

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