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Social Studies 8 2017 > Industry, Immigration, and Urban Growth > Flashcards

Industry, Immigration, and Urban Growth Flashcards

1
Q

The industry with which Andrew Carnegie was associated.

A

Steel

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2
Q

The industry with which John D. Rockefeller was associated.

A

Oil

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3
Q

The industry with which J.P. Morgan was associated.

A

Banking

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4
Q

The industry with which Cornelius Vanderbilt was associated.

A

Railroads

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5
Q

What does “gilded” mean?

A

Covered in a thin layer of gold

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6
Q

What was the “Gilded Age?”

A

A seemingly prosperous time in U.S. history that wasn’t quite as great as it appeared. It lasted from approximately 1865-1898. It was characterized by industrial growth and extreme wealth for some, while others experienced poverty as a result of low wages despite long hours in harsh working conditions.

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7
Q

What government policies allowed industries to grow during the Gilded Age?

A
  1. A laissez faire approach
  2. Subsidies for railroads
  3. High tariffs on imports
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8
Q

Define laissez faire.

A

The government does not interfere with the free market..

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9
Q

Define subsidies.

A

Grants of land or money offered to railroads or other businesses to support a project that benefits the public

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10
Q

Define tariffs.

A

Taxes

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11
Q

What two sources of energy became key to industrial growth?

A

Oil and coal

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12
Q

When industrial leaders are referred to as “robber barons,” what does it mean?

A

An American capitalist who became wealthy through the exploitation of natural resources, governmental influence, and workers.

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13
Q

When industrial leaders are referred to as “captains of industry,” what does it mean?

A

Businessmen who are especially successful and powerful

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14
Q

What is a corporation?

A

A type of business or organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a person.

(It is a big business)

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15
Q

What is a trust?

A

A combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition.

(A combination of big businesses that are under the control of one group)

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16
Q

What is a monopoly?

A

A market where there is only one provider of a good or service.

(An overly powerful trust)

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17
Q

What were some of the positive aspects of big business?

A
  1. The “Captains of Industry” built up the American economy.
  2. Jobs were available in manufacturing.
  3. Cities grew and developed due to the amount of jobs available in industry.
  4. Business owners could grow wealthy from setting up corporations, trusts, monopolies.
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18
Q

What were some of the negative aspects of big business?

A
  1. Workers received low pay for long hours in poor conditions.
  2. Wealth was unevenly distributed among Americans. In other words, there was a large gap between the very poor and the very wealthy.
  3. Trusts sometimes became overly powerful monopolies that took advantage of workers and consumers.
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19
Q

Define sweatshop.

A

A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions.

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20
Q

What is a labor union?

A

An organization of workers who seek better pay and working conditions.

21
Q

Name 3 labor unions from the late 1800s/early 1900s.

A

The Knights of Labor
The American Federation of Labor (AFL)
The International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union (ILGWU).

22
Q

What conditions led to the formation of labor unions?

A

Long hours, low pay, and a lack of safety in the workplace.

23
Q

What is collective bargaining?

A

A discussion between an employer and union representatives over wages, hours, and working conditions for the union membership as a whole.

24
Q

Why didn’t the public often support early unions?

A

They associated them with violence.

25
Q

What happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911?

A

A fire broke out and 150 people were killed. Most of the people killed were young women who died when the fire spread quickly and they were trapped in the building. The result was a push to make working environments safer.

26
Q

What is a strike?

A

A refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain demands from the employer.

27
Q

What invention is being described? -

“In 1886 the first practical gasoline-powered one of these was invented by German mechanical engineer Karl Benz. At the beginning of the 20th century, this invention entered the U.S. market as a toy for the rich. By the 1920s, it became more common for average Americans to own one.”

A

Car

28
Q

What invention is being described? -

“This innovation improved the production of automobiles in the United States. Henry Ford is given credit for pioneering this process in order to mass produce his popular Model T.”

A

Assembly line

29
Q

What invention is being described? -

“On December 17, 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright covered a distance of 120 feet in 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This accomplishment earned the brothers credit as the inventors of this artifact.”

A

Airplane

30
Q

What invention is being described? -

“Although he wasn’t necessarily the first to ‘invent’ this object, it can be argued that Thomas Alva Edison created the first commercially practical one of these in 1879 when he and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could make one of these items last for over 1200 hours.”

A

Light bulb

31
Q

What invention is being described? -

“George Eastman’s introduction of the use of celluloid film in 1889, made this invention more practical. His innovation allowed people to capture memories of special moments and their everyday lives.”

A

Camera

32
Q

What invention is being described? -

“Alexander Graham Bell invented the first one of these in 1876. Businesses were the first to use them to improve communication over a long distance. By the 1890s, Bell had sold hundreds of thousands of them.”

A

Telephone

33
Q

What invention is being described? -

“The first commercially successful one of these was invented by Christopher Latham Sholes in 1868. His innovative design featured his invention of the QWERTY keyboard.”

A

Typewriter

34
Q

An increase in the population of cities versus rural areas.

A

Urbanization

35
Q

How did industrialization lead to urbanization?

A

Workers were needed in manufacturing jobs, so people moved to cities to get those jobs. The population of the city increased as a result.

36
Q

How did industrialization lead to immigration?

A

Immigrants moved to large cities to find employment.

37
Q

The bessemer process allowed Andrew Carnegie to manufacture larger quantities of steel in less time for less money. Carnegie ended up dominating the steel industry as a result. Provide examples of the use of steel in construction during the Gilded Age.

A
  1. skyscrapers
  2. railroads
  3. bridges
38
Q

Define slum.

A

An overcrowded and unpleasant part of a city where poor people live.

39
Q

Define tenement.

A

A tiny apartment in a large and crowded apartment building. These apartments were found in city slums where poor families lived during the Gilded Age.

40
Q

What types of things attracted people to the cities?

A

Jobs
Department stores
Museums, orchestras, art galleries, and theaters
Circuses
Parks, zoos, and gardens
Professional sports teams (baseball, basketball, and football)

41
Q

What were some of the problems in cities?

A

Crowded
Polluted
Trash/waste in streets
Diseases

42
Q

A law meant to exclude Chinese laborers from entering the U.S. It was the first law to restrict a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the U.S.

A

The Chinese Exclusion Act

43
Q

Define “push factor” and provide at least 3 examples of push factors.

A

Push factors are reasons people have for leaving their home country. Examples of push factors include famine, political turmoil, a job shortage, poverty, etc. Push factors are negative/bad.

44
Q

Define “pull factor” and provide at least 3 examples of pull factors.

A

Pull factors are reasons people have for choosing to move to one country over another. Examples of pull factors include job opportunities, land opportunities, religious freedom, etc. Pull factors are positive/good.

45
Q

Define assimilation.

A

The process of becoming part of another culture.

46
Q

Why was steel important to industrial growth?

A

It could be made stronger and cheaper than iron.

47
Q

Define entrepreneur.

A

A person who sets up a business to make a profit.

48
Q

Define patent.

A

Document that gives someone the sole right to make and to sell an invention.

49
Q

Define nativist.

A

A policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants.

Social Studies 8 2017 (10 decks)

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