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biochem > lipids > Flashcards

lipids Flashcards

1
Q

fats can be classified by the number of double bonds between carbon atoms in their fatty acid molecules. match with the correct description- saturated, monosaturated, polyunsaturated

No double bonds.

Multiple double bonds

One double bond

A

By the number of double bonds.
Saturated: No double bonds.
Monounsaturated: One double bond, usually in “cis” configuarion.
Polyunsaturated: Multiple double bonds

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2
Q

essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized because humans lack the enzyme to place double bonds at certain positions- select all that apply

omega-3

alpha-3

omega-6

alpha-6

beta-3

gamma-3

A

essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized because humans lack the enzyme to place double bonds at certain positions omega-3 and omega-6 and so must obtain them from diet.

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3
Q

all fatty acids are building blocks of

A
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4
Q

cells derive energy from fatty acids through

alpha-oxidation

beta-hydrolysis

beta- reduction

alpha-reduction

beta-oxidation.

alpha-hydrolysis

A

cells derive energy from fatty acids through beta-oxidation.

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5
Q

oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, caproic acid, linolenic acid, capric acid, butyric acid

classify as saturated, mono-saturated or polysaturated fatty acids

A

oleic acid- M

stearic acid - U

palmitoleic acid - M

linoleic acid - P

palmitic acid - S

caproic acid, S

linolenic acid, P

capric acid, S

butyric acid S

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6
Q

which of the following are essential fatty acids -

oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, caproic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, capric acid, butyric acid

A

oleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid

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7
Q

Bile salts help in the absorption of fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins and other lipids from the intestinal tract.

They emulsify the fats as it enters the duodenum and breaks them into smaller lumps creating more surface area from pancreatic lipase to act to quickly digest fats.

true or false?

A

True

Bile salts help in the absorption of fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins and other lipids from the intestinal tract.

They emulsify the fats as it enters the duodenum and breaks them into smaller lumps creating more surface area from pancreatic lipase to act to quickly digest fats.

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8
Q

the bile salts are resorbed in the ______ via Na+/bile acid cotransporters, recycled by the ______ and are resecreted into the gut by the ______ during subsequent digestive cycles

distal ileum, pancreas, small intestine

distal ileum, liver, gallbladder

stomach, liver, gallbladder

stomach, pancreas, small intestine

A

the bile salts are resorbed in the distal ileum via Na+/bile acid cotransporters, recycled by the liver and are resecreted into the gut by the gallbladder during subsequent digestive cycles

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9
Q

Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides except that a phosphate group replaces two of the fatty acids.

Hydrophilic head (phosphate group); hydrophobic tail (fatty acids)

Major constituents of cell and mitochondrial membranes

true or false?

A

False. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides except that a phosphate group replaces one of the fatty acids.

True. Hydrophilic head (phosphate group); hydrophobic tail (fatty acids)

True. Major constituents of cell and mitochondrial membranes

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10
Q

lecithins ( phosphatidylcholine ) -

On hydrolysis yields two fatty acids molecules and a molecule each of ceramide, phosphoric acid, and choline.

They are water-soluble emulsifiers.

nerve membrane constituent

true or false?

A

lecithins ( phosphatidylcholine ) -

false. On hydrolysis yields two fatty acids molecules and a molecule each of glycerol, phosphoric acid, and choline.
true. They are water-soluble emulsifiers
false. Plasma membrane constituent

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11
Q

Cephalins (phosphatidylethanolamines)

On hydrolysis yields two fatty acids molecules and a molecule each of ceramide, phosphoric acid, and ethanolamine.

It is a major nerve tissue (brain and spinal cord) component.

true or false?

A

true

true

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12
Q

Sphingomyelins

on hydrolysis yields sphingosine, choline, a fatty acid and phosphoric acid upon hydrolysis. Does not contain glycerol.

especially found in nerves.

true or false?

A

true

true

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13
Q

lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol) are not able to move in body fluids due to their hydrophobic nature so they are packaged in a micellar structure called lipoproteins.

Lipids are denser than proteins.

true or false?

A

True. lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol) are not able to move in body fluids due to their hydrophobic nature so they are packaged in a micellar structure called lipoproteins.

False. Lipids are less dense than proteins.

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14
Q

Niemann-Pick disease is caused due to the accumulation of

lecithins

sphingomyelins

triglycerides

trigylcerides

A

Niemann-Pick disease is caused due to the accumulation of sphingomyelins

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15
Q

chylomicrons-

most dense lipoprotein,

most triglycerides and least protein content

muscles, adipose tissue and liver to GI tract

A

chylomicrons-

False. least dense lipoprotein

True. most triglycerides and least protein content.

False. GI tract - muscles, adipose tissue and liver

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16
Q

VLDLs

less dense than chylomicrons,

higher content of triglycerides than LDLs

liver to various tissues (primary muscles and adipose tissue)

A

VLDLs

false. more dense than chylomicrons,
true. higher content of triglycerides than LDLs

True. liver to various tissues (primary muscles and adipose tissue)

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17
Q

LDLs

denser than VLDLs

less triglyceride and more protein content compared HDLs

lowest content of cholesterol

carry cholesterol to all tissues especially to the liver.

A

LDLs

true. denser than VLDLs
false. less triglyceride and more protein content compared VLDLs
false. Highest content of cholesterol
true. carry cholesterol to all tissues especially to the liver.

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18
Q

HDLs

most dense lipoprotein

has the lowest triglyceride and highest protein content

tissues - liver

A

HDLs

true. most dense lipoprotein
true. has the lowest triglyceride and highest protein content
true. tissues - liver

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19
Q

chylomicron carry fatty acids obtained in the diet to the tissues they are consumed or stored as fuel

true or false?

A

true

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20
Q

in the intestinal cells, the products of lipid digestion are reesterified to triglycerides, cholesterol ester, and phospholipids with apoproteins, chylomicrons.

true or false

A

true

in the intestinal cells, the products of lipid digestion are reesterified to triglycerides, cholesterol ester, and phospholipids with apoproteins, chylomicrons.

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21
Q

statin drugs lower blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase, a key regulatory enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis.

true or false?

A

true.

statin drugs lower blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase, a key regulatory enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis.

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22
Q

identify all the ketone bodies

acetoacetate

beta-hydroxybutyrate

acetone

A

acetoacetate

beta-hydroxybutyrate

acetone

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23
Q

Liver mitochondria have the capacity to divert any excess acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid or pyruvate oxidation into ketone bodies.

During conditions of low glucose availability (a period of starvation or fasting, or a case of diabetes mellitus), the mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue is high.

A

hepatic beta-oxidation will occur at a higher rate. This will result in a higher rate of ketone bodies synthesis from the resulting acetyl-CoA.

These ketone bodies are then transported in the blood to peripheral tissues, where the ketone bodies can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA and oxidized by the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

24
Q

Synthesis of ketone bodies by the liver in 3 steps-

  1. formation of acetoacetyl-CoA
  2. Condensation of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA to form

hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA)

  1. Cleaving of HMG CoA to yield acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA
A
25
Q

Ketone bodies are used as fuel by muscle (cardiac and skeletal) and the kidney.

Unlike fatty acids, ketone bodies cannot be oxidized by the brain. ketone are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, but fatty acids can.

true or false?

A

true. Ketone bodies are used as fuel by muscle (cardiac and skeletal) and the kidney.

False. Unlike fatty acids, Ketone bodies can be oxidized by the brain. Fatty acids are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, but ketones can.

26
Q

the increase of ketones in blood is called ketonuria and in urine is called ketonemia.

These are generally seen in cases of starvation or severe diabetes mellitus.

true or false?

A

the increase of ketones in blood is called ketonemia and in urine is called ketonuria.

These are generally seen in cases of starvation or severe diabetes mellitus.

27
Q

fatty acid synthesis occurs in

liver

pancreas

skeletal tissues

lactating mammary glands

brain

adipose tissues

kidney

A

fatty acid synthesis occurs in

cytoplasm of liver

lactating mammary glands

adipose tissues

kidney

28
Q

choline deficiency causes

Niemann pick

Gaucher’s disease

hepatic cirrhosis and fatty liver disease

Tay-Sachs diesease

A

Choline deficiency causes abnormal fat metabolism and can lead to fatty liver disease and hepatic cirrhosis

29
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor for other steroids

cortisone

Bile sals

prednisone

sex hormones

Vitamin D

Adrenocortical hormones

A

Cholesterol is the precursor for other steroids

Bile sals

sex hormones

Vitamin D

Adrenocortical hormones

30
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by an autosomal dominant defect of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, leading to increased plasma LDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis

31
Q

ketosis is a condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of ketone bodies in the body tissues and fluids. Ketosis ouccurs

a. when fatty acids are incompletely metabolized.
b. a complication of starvation or fasting
c. alcoholism
1. a and b
2. b and c
3. only a
4. all the three

A

All the three

ketosis is a condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of ketone bodies in the body tissues and fluids. Ketosis ouccurs

a. when fatty acids are incompletely metabolized.
b. a complication of starvation or fasting
c. alcoholism

32
Q

ketosis is characterized by-

a. ketones in the urine (ketonuria)
b. ketones in the blood (ketonemia)
c. a fruity odor of acetone on the breath
d. low potassium loss in the urine
1. a and c
2. all the above
3. b and d
4. a, b, c

A

a. ketones in the urine (ketonuria)
b. ketones in the blood (ketonemia)
c. a fruity odor of acetone on the breath
d. low potassium loss in the urine

33
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis is the

  1. complete absence of insulin in type 1 diabetes
  2. complete absence of insulin in type 2 diabetes
  3. excess insulin in type 1 diabetes
  4. excess insulin in type 2 diabetes
A
34
Q

symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

diabetic ketoacidosis-

  1. severe ketonemia
  2. acidosis
  3. increased blood glucose levels as high as 1000 mg/dL (normal is around 140 mg/dL)
  4. large amounts of glucose and ketone bodies are lost in the urine and osmotic diuresis causes dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which could lead to coma
35
Q

treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  1. fluid replacement
  2. correction of acidosis
  3. insulin injection
36
Q

treatment for ketoacidosis for non-diabetic patients

A

Glucose is effective in reversing ketoacidosis in non-diabetic patients

37
Q

what is hyperglycemia is caused by-

A

hyperglycemia is caused by the increased hepatic production of glucose combined with diminished peripheral utilization

38
Q

what is ketosis caused by

A

ketosis results from an increased mobilization of fatty acids form the adipose tissues and an accelerated hepatic synthesis of hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate

39
Q

what are the hallmarks of untreated diabetes mellitus

A

hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis

40
Q

the overtreatment of diabetes with insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs leads to hypoglycemic shock

true or false?

A

true

41
Q

acetone is utilized in the body as fuel

true or false?

A

false

acetone is not utilized in the body as fuel

42
Q

in a healthy diet, acetyl-CoA is passed to the _________ to make ______, ______ and _______

during fasting there in an increased production of _______ from __________ which is converted to __________

A

in a healthy diet, acetylCoA is passed to the citric acid cycle to make ATP, NADH, AND FADH2

during fasting there in an increased production of acetyl-CoA from fats which is converted to ketone bodies

43
Q

fatty acid synthesis takes place in the _______

fatty acid breakdown (catabolism) occurs in the _________

A

fatty acid synthesis takes place in the cytosol

fatty acid breakdown (catabolism) occurs in the mitochondria

44
Q

fatty acids are oxidized by ______ in the _________

It produces ________ for the ____________

A

fatty acids are oxidized by beta-oxidation in the mitochondria

It produces acetyl-CoA for the TCA cycle

45
Q

in a ______ carb, _____ fat diet the carbs are converted into fats in the liver. From the liver, the fats are transported to ________ in ________

A

in a high carb, low-fat diet the carbs are converted into fats in the liver. From the liver, the fats are transported to adipose tissues in VLDL

46
Q

a fat or triglyceride contains _______ molecules of fatty acid attached to _________ molecule/s of glycerol

It has a ________ tail and ________ head

It can be __________,____________,_________________ (levels of saturation)

A

a fat or triglyceride contains three molecules of fatty acid attached to one molecule of glycerol

It has a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head

It can be saturated, monosaturated or polyunsaturated

47
Q

triglycerides provide more than half the energy requirements of some organs-particularly the -

liver.

kidneys.

brain.

stomach.

heart.

skeletal muscle.

A

triglycerides provide more than half the energy requirements of some organs-particularly the -

liver.

heart .

skeletal muscle.

48
Q

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. are membrane constituents

true or false?

A

False

Triglycerides are not membrane constituents as are phospholipids and steroids.

49
Q

when the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone _______ signals the breakdown of the triglycerides hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids.

A

when the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids.

50
Q

during their oxidation to carbon dioxide and water -

carbohydrates yield-

triglycerides yield-

proteins yield-

A

during their oxidation to carbon dioxide and water -

carbohydrates yield- 4 kcal/g

triglycerides yield- 9.3 kcal/g

proteins yield- 4 to 4.5

51
Q

choline is a precursor for

acetylcholine

Cerebrosides

sphingomyelin

lysosphingomyelin

lecithin

betaine

A

choline is required for the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine

it is a precursor for the synthesis of phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin

it is a precursor for methyl donor betaine

52
Q

function of acetylcholine

A

an important neurotransmitter involved in memory storage, muscle control and other functions

53
Q

the function of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) and sphingomyelin

A

lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) and sphingomyelin are important for membrane function, intracellular signaling, and transport of VLDL

Phosphatidylcholine is also important is removal of cholesterol

54
Q

Choline and carnitine are both nonessential.

True or false?

A

False

Choline and carnitine have traditionally been considered nonessential because they can be synthesized de novo. However, choline has recently been classified as essential and carnitine as conditionally essentially.

55
Q

the binding of glucagon to its receptor

  • deactivated adenylate cyclase
  • activates adenylate cyclase
  • causes the breakdown of cyclic AMP to ATP
  • causes the production of ATP from cAMP
  • deactivates protein kinase
A
  • activates adenylate cyclase
56
Q

the secretion of glucagon from the pancreatic alpha cells is _________ two to threefold by hypoglycemia and _________ to half of the basal release by hyperglycemia.

increased

deceased

choose the correct options

A

the secretion of glucagon from the pancreatic alpha cells is increased two to threefold by hypoglycemia and decreased to half of the basal release by hyperglycemia.

57
Q
A

biochem (4 decks)

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