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FUN MED SPRING 2018 COPY > 1. Gastro Anatomy > Flashcards

1. Gastro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Phase of GI response characterized by anticipation and the sight, smell, and taste of food

A

Cephalic Phase

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2
Q

During the cephalic phase the vagus nerve stimulates the release of_______________.

A

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and acetylcholine

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3
Q

Function of gastrin-releasing peptide and acetylcholine

A

Makes you salivate, gets stomach fluids moving

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4
Q

_______________in the brainstem inhibits breathing during swallowing.

A

Reticular formation

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5
Q

Amylase digests_________

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

Lipase digests_______

A

Fats

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7
Q

________L of saliva is secreted each day.

A

1.5

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8
Q

Food bolus is moved via _______, coordinated by the_______system.

A

Smooth muscle peristalsis. Enteric nervous system.

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9
Q

The upper esophageal sphincter is controlled by _________

A

Extrinsic nerves

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10
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter is controlled by _____________

A

Autonomic nerves

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11
Q

These three products bind to the parietal cell and work synergistically to stimulate gastric acid production.

A

Gastrin, Histamine, and Acetylcholine

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12
Q

The release of ________will shut off gastric acid production.

A

Somatostatin

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13
Q

Parietal cells secrete:

A

Hydrochloric Acid and Instrinsic Factor

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14
Q

Peptic (chief) cells secrete:

A

Pepsinogen

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15
Q

Endocrine secretions include:

A

Gastrin, Somatostatin, Histamine

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16
Q

_______may have a role in regulating hunger and satiety.

A

Gherkin

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17
Q

_________stimulates parietal cells to produce acid

A

Gastrin

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18
Q

___________deactivates G cell secretion of gastrin.

A

Somatostatin

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19
Q

What happens when you suppress parietal cells?

A

Turns off intrinsic factor which can lead to B12 deficiency (and pernicious anemia).

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20
Q

___________protects against the corrosive properties of gastric juice in the stomach.

A

Mucus-bicarbonate barrier

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21
Q

Gastrin is stimulated by _________ ,________ via the enteric nervous system, and broken down proteins in the stomach.

A

Stomach stretch. Gastrin-releasing peptide.

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22
Q

What triggers the release of acetylcholine?

A

Vagal outflow from the brain (initiating secretory function in the salivary glands)

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23
Q

This is released when pH in the stomach is low.

A

Somatostatin (gastrin antagonist)

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24
Q

When are G cells directly inhibited?

A

When the pH in the stomach is at or below 3.

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25
Q

During the intestinal phase, feedback inhibition of gastric acid production is caused by the release of ________from the small intestine.

A

Enterogastrones (Secretin)

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26
Q

Most absorption of nutrients occurs where?

A

During the intestinal phase

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27
Q

What is the widest and shortest part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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28
Q

What opens into the second part of the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

29
Q

Which glands in the mucosa secrete mucous?

A

Brunner’s glands

30
Q

Endocrine cells in the duodenal wall produce _______ and _______.

A

Cholectystokinin. Secretin. (Feedback loop: shut off).

31
Q

The duodenum is responsible for the absorption of ______ and______.

A

Iron. Calcium

32
Q

What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?

A

Secrete the enzymes that break down the macromolecules in food, producing smaller nutrient molecules for intestinal absorption.

33
Q

Pancreatic________create the pancreatic enzymes.

A

Acinar cells.

34
Q

Pancreatic _________cells secrete bicarbonate.

A

Duct Cells. (Stimulated by secretin)

35
Q

What is required to activate zymogens and where is it activated?

A

Trypsin. Small intestine.

36
Q

What does bile do?

A

It facilitates the assimilation of dietary lipid by promoting its emulsification and solubilization. (Emulsifies lipids and binds with a lot of things in the kidneys.)

-provides a pathway to excrete hydrophobic molecules that may not be readily excreted by the kidney.

37
Q

Bile is an ________solution.

A

Alkaline

38
Q

Which cells in the liver are responsible for ingesting foreign bodies entering the blood via the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Kupffer cells

39
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

40
Q

Bile composition (4)

A

Bile acids. Bile salts. Micelles of bile salts. Bile pigments.

41
Q

What are micelles of bile salts?

A

Long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and other hydrophobic molecules at the center.

42
Q

What is the main component of bile pigments?

A

Bilirubin-made from the breakdown of hemoglobin

43
Q

_______% of bile salts are reabsorbed.

A

95

44
Q

Bile acids are secreted by______, delivered to the GI tract via the _______, absorbed by the _______, and then returned to the liver via the _______________.

A

Hepatocytes. Biliary tract. Small intestines. Portal venous system.

45
Q

Transverse folds in the mucosa are called:

A

Plicae circulares

46
Q

The villus epithelium consists of ______, ________,and________.

A

Enterocytes. Mucous-secreting goblet cells. Endocrine cells.

47
Q

Function of jejunum and ileum.

A

Mixing chyme with digestive secretions and enzyme.

Distribution across mucosa to enhance absorption.

Propulsion of luminal contents away from the mouth via segmentation and peristalsi.

48
Q

The Jejunum and Ileum absorb:

A

Carbohydrates, protein, fat, salts, and water.

Bile acids and vitamin B12 absorbed in distal ileum.

49
Q

Daily fluid load to jejunum is _____/day

A

7-10L

50
Q

The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the colon:

A

Teniae coli

51
Q

Contractions of teniae coli form bulges known as ______.

A

Haustra

52
Q

A giant colonic peristaltic contraction triggered by the entry of food into the stomach and duodenum?

A

Gastrocolic reflex

53
Q

Functions of the large intestine:

A

1) absorb fluid
2) Transport electrolytes
3) Store and eliminate fecal waste

54
Q

Max reabsorption capacity of colon is _____/day.

A

5L

55
Q

The rectum absorbs:

A

Electrolytes and water.

56
Q

The internal anal sphincter is controlled by:

A

Smooth muscle-Autonomic nerves.

57
Q

The external anal sphincter is controlled by:

A

Skeletal muscles controlled by extrinsic nerves.

58
Q

Rectal distension initiates the ____________reflex.

A

Rectosphincteric (when you eat….)

59
Q

Two major networks of nerve fibers that are intrinsic to the gastrointestinal tract:

A

1) Myentric plexus (Auerbach plexus)-motility

2) Submucous plexus (Meissen plexus)-secretions

60
Q

“The little brain”

A

The enteric nervous system-100 million sensory neurons.

61
Q

Increases smooth muscle activity.

A

Parasympathetic cholinergic activity from autonomic nervous system.

62
Q

Decreases intestinal smooth muscle.

A

Sympathetic noradrenergic activity.

63
Q

Another name for gastrointestinal circulation.

A

Splanchnic circulation

64
Q

All blood from the intestines and pancreas drain via the ________to the liver.

A

Portal vein

65
Q

What controls the splanchnic vascular resistance?

A

Sympathetic nervous system.

66
Q

The intestinal mucosa contain a high number of ______ and ________ that rapidly defend the mucosa if epithelial defenses are breached.

A

Lymphocytes.

Inflammatory cells.

67
Q

Lymphocytes circulate and populate all of the mucosal tissues of the body as _____________.

A

IgA-secreting plasma cells.

68
Q

Kupffer cells have highly active________

A

Phagocytic properties-they are exposed to virtually all of the portal blood flow and serve as a sentinel for antigens/bacteria arising from the intestine.

FUN MED SPRING 2018 COPY (7 decks)

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