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Psychopathology > Lecture 4 - Anxiety, OCD and Trauma > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Anxiety, OCD and Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things must you rule out before making any diagnosis?

A

Distress/impairment, medical impairment or effects of a drug

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2
Q

What is the difference between anxiety and fear

A

Anxiety is feeling threatened by a HYPOTHETICAL situation or future event.
Fear is feeling threatened by a REAL/PERCEIVED THREAT

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3
Q

What is panic

A

Extreme fear that is unprovoked (false alarm)

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4
Q

What are the 7 anxiety disorders

A 
Panic disorders
Agoraphobia
Specific phobias
Social phobia/social anxiety disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Selective mutism
Seperation anxiety disorder
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5
Q

What are among the most common of all mental disorders and highly comorbid

A

Anxiety disorder

25% lifetime prevalence including OCD and trauma related

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6
Q

Anxiety disorders seem to have a non-specific genetic component meaning what?

A

Prob some genetic factors for this disorder, but the exact nature that the anxiety disorder takes is not coded in those genes

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7
Q

Which anxiety disorder seems to have the highest heritability?

A

73% = seperation anxiety disorder

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8
Q

What brain areas involved in fear can become dysregulated by long-term anxiety or fear

A

Subcortical brain areas (amygdala, hyppocampus, hypothalamus)

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9
Q

Hypercortisolism can lead to what

A

larger amygdala and smaller hippocampus

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10
Q

What is 2 factor psychological theory?

A

Classical conditioning causes initial anxiety

Operant conditioning maintains it

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11
Q

Panic attacks can occur ____ or _____

A

out of the blue (uncued)

in response to a particular stimulus (situationally bound)

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12
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks

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13
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder?

A

At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one (or more) of the following

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14
Q

What is catastrophizing?

A

Mis-interpreting (harmless) physiological cues creates a vicious circle of increased anxiety and bodily symptoms

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15
Q

How does panic disorder have the strongest genetic link among all anxiety disorders

A

1st degree fam members of someone with panic disorder are 5x more likely to be diagnosed

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16
Q

What is agoraphobia

A

anxiety about being in places where escape might be difficult in the event of having a panic attack…therefore those situations are avoided

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17
Q

What are the several subtypes of specific phobias?

A 
animal type
natural environment type
blood-injection-injury type
situational type
other (choking, loud sounds, clowns)
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18
Q

What is social phobia/social anxiety disorder?

A

Marked, persistent and invariable anxiety about social or performance situations leading to avoidance of those situation

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19
Q

It is very common for social phobia to exist before which comorbid disorder

A

depression

20
Q

social anxiety is self perpetuating. Why?

A

Avoidance can reduce social skills

21
Q

what are the 3 diagnostic criteria of GAD

A

a. excessive anxiety + worry, occuring many days for at least 6 months about many events
b. difficult to control worry
c. anxiety + worry is associated with: restlessnes/feeling, easily fatigued, can’t concentrate, irritable, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

22
Q

Why can worry be enforcing in GAD

A

because it can distract you from physical and emotional sensations of apprehension

23
Q

What is different about age of onset in GAD

A

its around 30 - which is later than other anxiety disorders

24
Q

What are the 4 diagnostic criteria in selective mutism?

A

able to speak but selectively
Last for at least 1 month (can’t be accounted for no knowledge/comfort with language)
PP less than 1%

25
Q

What’s the cure to selective mutism

A

Thought that most kids outgrow it, but it probably manifest differently as social anxiety disorder later in life

26
Q

What is seperation anxiety disorder?

A

Excessive fear of seperation from those to whom the individual is attached

27
Q

What are the 2 diagnostic criteria for body dysmorphic disorder

A

preoccupation with one or more perceived defects/flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others + repetitive behaviours or mental acts in response to appearance concerns

28
Q

what parcent of cosmetic surgery patients are thought to have BDD

A

6-15%

29
Q

which anxiety disorder has one of the worst outcomes of mental illness/

A

Body dysmorphic disorder, because of high rates of suicidal ideation and attempts

30
Q

what is the most common locations of imagined defects?

A

Hair, nose, skin, eyes

31
Q

Apart from muscle dysmorphia, which perceived defects are more common in men than women?

A

penis + ears

32
Q

What are the 2 diagnostic criteria for hoarding disorder?

A

difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, due to perceived need to save them + results in accumulation of possession that congest and clutter active living areas

33
Q

Hoarding disorder are more common in ___ in the community, but in ____ in clinical samples

A

men

women

34
Q

What is trichotillomania disorder?

A

Recurrent pulling out of one’s hair resulting in noticeable hair loss

35
Q

What is excoriation disorder?

A

Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions

36
Q

What are the 3 trauma and stressor related disorders?

A

PTSD, Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders

37
Q

Which pre-event conditions affect rates of PTSD diagnosis

A

low SES< education, IQ, previous psychiatric history, previous abuse or trauma, gaze bias

38
Q

What event conditions affect rates of PTSD diagnosis

A

severity of trauma, support, type of trauma

39
Q

Why is interpersonal violence more sever than natural disaster events?

A

because it doesn’t fundamentally change the way you see people

40
Q

In PTSD, there is decreased ____ volume

A

hippocampus

41
Q

What is adjustment disorders

A

Psychological response to a specific stressor, that causes significant distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning

42
Q

What are 2 attachment disorders?

A

Reactive attachment disorder + disinhibited social engagement disorder

43
Q

What is reactive attachment disorder

A

learned an extreme abnormal way (inhibition) of interacting with people as a direct result of childhood

44
Q

What is disinhibited social engagement disorder

A

Extremely inappropriate reaction to people (saying you love them initially) as a direct result of childhood

45
Q

What are treatments of anxiety and related disorders?

A

Behavioural techniques, imagery rehearsal therapy for PTSD, mindfulness, scheduled worry periods, medications, self-medication

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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