Topic 5 - Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines

Question 1

How does the WHO define ‘health’?

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’

Question 2

Can a physically fit person be unhealthy?

Answer 2

Yes, as they may be mentally ill

Question 3

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 3

A disease that can be spread by individuals

Question 4

Cholera - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:

Answer 4

• A bacterium called vibrio cholorae
• Diarrhoea
• Via contaminated water sources
• Make sure people have access to safe water

Question 5

Tuberculosis - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:

Answer 5

• A bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Coughing and lung damage
• Through the air, when people cough
• Avoid crowded people, practise good hygiene

Question 6

Malaria - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:

Answer 6

• A protist
• Damage to red blood cells
• Mosquitoes pass it to humans
• Mosquito nets and insect repellent

Question 7

Stomach Ulcers - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:

Answer 7

• A bacterium called Helicobacter pylori
• Stomach pain and vomiting
• Oral transmission
• Hygienic living conditions

Question 8

Ebola - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:

Answer 8

• Ebola virus
• Haemorrhagic fever (a fever with bleeding)
• Via bodily fluids
• Isolate infected individuals

Question 9

Chalara ash dieback - Pathogen, Symptoms, How it spreads and How to prevent:

Answer 9

• A fungus that infects ash trees
• Leaf loss and bark lesions
• Carried by the wind
• Removing infected trees

Question 10

What does a virus need to reproduce?

Answer 10

A living cell that it can take over

Question 11

What are the two virus lifecycles?

Answer 11

• Lytic

- Lysogenic

Question 12

Briefly describe the lytic cycle of a virus:

Answer 12

• Virus attaches itself to a host cell
• Virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host to replicate its DNA and structures
• Viral components assemble
• Host cell splits open, releasing the viruses

Question 13

Briefly describe the lysogenic cycle of a virus:

Answer 13

• Genetic information is injected into the genome

- Viral genetic material replicates with the cells own DNA

Question 14

What is an STI?

Answer 14

Sexually Transmitted Infection

Question 15

Describe 2 STI’s:

Answer 15

• Chlamydia: Causes infertility, can be prevented by using a condom
• HIV: Weakens the immune system, leads to AIDS, avoid sharing needles and use a condom

Question 16

What are physical barriers in plants?

Answer 16

• Waxy cuticle

- Cell walls

Question 17

What are chemical barriers in plants?

Answer 17

• Production of antiseptics

- Produce chemicals to deter insects

Question 18

What are physical barriers in humans?

Answer 18

• Skin
• Hairs and mucus in nose
• Cells in bronchi produce mucus

Question 19

What are chemical barriers in humans?

Answer 19

• Production of HCl in stomach

- Eyes produce lysozyme in tears which kills bacteria on the eye surface

Question 20

How does a B-Lymphocyte deal with a pathogen?

Answer 20

• Comes across the antigen on a pathogen
• Produces matching antibodies
• Antibodies attach to the pathogens and kill
• Antibodies find the same antigen in the rest of the body

Question 21

Why is a Memory Lymphocyte key to the immune system?

Answer 21

They remember a specific antigen and remain in the body. This means that if the same pathogen attacks, it can wipe it out very quickly

Question 22

How does immunisation work?

Answer 22

• Dead or inactive pathogens are injected
• Immune system makes antibodies, and wipes out the pathogen
• Memory lymphocytes are made for if the pathogen attacks you in the future
• This ensures that the pathogen will be wiped out quickly

Question 23

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 23

Identical antibodies

Question 24

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

Answer 24

• Mouse injected with antigen
• B-Lymphocytes taken from mouse
• B-Lymphocytes fused with myeloma (a tumour) cell to form a hybridoma
• Hybridoma divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce monoclonal antibodies

Question 25

What are antibiotics used to treat?

Answer 25

Bacterial infections

Question 26

What are the stages in developing a new drug?

Answer 26

• Drug tested on human tissue in lab
• Drug tested on live animals
• Drug tested on healthy volunteers
• Drug tested on ill volunteers
• Drug tested to make sure it does its job correctly (the placebo effect)

Question 27

What lifestyle factors may increase the chance of a non-communicable disease?

Answer 27

• Age
• Diet
• Smoking
• Weight
• Fitness

Question 28

What are the 2 measures of obesity?

Answer 28

• BMI

- Waist-to-Hip Ratio

Question 29

What is obesity classed as in BMI?

Answer 29

Above 30 = Moderately obese, above 40 = severly obese

Question 30

What is obesity classed as in Waist-to-Hip ratio?

Answer 30

Above 1.0 for male

Above 0.85 for female

Question 31

What is CVD?

Answer 31

Cardiovascular disease

Question 32

How does CVD affect you?

Answer 32

Blocks arteries, restricting blood flow. This means that you have to have a higher heart rate to pump enough blood

Question 33

What are the lifestyle choices that affect CVD?

Answer 33

• Diet

- Exercise

Question 34

What drugs can reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke?

Answer 34

• Statins (reduce cholesterol)
• Anticoagulants (reduce chance of blood clots)
• Antihypertensives (reduce blood pressure)

Question 35

What surgical procedures can treat CVD?

Answer 35

• A stent is a tube that holds a artery open, so can be placed into a contracted one
• Healthy blood vessels can be taken from elsewhere in the body to replace damaged parts
• Heart transplant