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ABDOMEN REVIEW > Scrotum > Flashcards

Scrotum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fibrous capsule surrounding the testicle?

A

tunica albuginea

E 112

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2
Q

What does the mediastinum testis appear as sonographically?

A

echogenic linear band extending longitudinally within the testis
E 112

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3
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

network of delicate tubules located at the mediastinum testis that carries sperm to the epididymis
E 113

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4
Q

What is the appendix testis?

A

remnant of the Mullerian duct, small ovoid structure located beneath the head of the epididymis
E 113

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5
Q

What is the appendix epididymis?

A

derived from the Wolffian duct, small stalk projecting off the epididymis
E 113

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6
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

saccular extension of the peritoneum into the scrotal sac
visceral layer is the inner layer surrounds testis and epididymis
parietal layer is the outer layer lines scrotal chamber
E 114

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7
Q

What is consisted in the spermatic cord?

A 
vas deferens
arteries-testicular, deferential, and cremasteric
pampiniform plexus of veins
lymphatics
nerves
E 114
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8
Q

What age group is the most common for malignant testicular neoplasms?

A

15-35 years

E 115

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9
Q

What is the most common testicular cancer?

A

seminoma

E 115

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular neoplasm?

A 
cryptorchidism
family hx
infertility
Klinefelter syndrome
Down syndrome
smoking
white race
E 115
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11
Q

What should be evaluated if a testicular mass is seen?

A

lymph nodes in the paraaortic region
lab values - hCG, AFP, LDH
E 115

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12
Q

What lab value may be elevated in a nonseminoma?

A

AFP

E 116

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13
Q

What lab value may be elevated in both seminomas and nonseminomas?

A

beta-hCG

E 116

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14
Q

What is the most common testicular tumor in children?

A

yolk sac tumors aka endodermal sinus tumor

E 116

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15
Q

What lab value may be elevated in yolk sac tumors?

A

AFP

E 116

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16
Q

What age groups are affected by Leydig Cell tumors?

A

5-10 years of age
30-60 years of age
E 117

17
Q

Why can Leydif cell tumors cause early puberty?

A

secrete testosterone

E 117

18
Q

Where do intratesticular cysts typically develop?

A

near the mediastinum testis

E 118

19
Q

How do testicular abcesses present on ultrasound?

A

enlarged testicle containing a predominantly fluid-filled mass with mixed echogenic areas
E 118

20
Q

What is another term for a scrotal calcification?

A

scrotal pearl

E 119

21
Q

How does a testicular infarct appear on ultrasound?

A

triangular shaped avascular intratesticular lesion
initially diffusely hypoechoic, with time it develops areas of calcifications
E 119

22
Q

Between which layers does a hydrocele form?

A

between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis
E 120

23
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

dilatation of the testicular veins

E 121

24
Q

Which side is it more common to have a varicocele?

A

left (90%) due to the longer length to the vein to reach the left renal vein
E 121

25
Q

What happens when a valsalva maneuver is performed during a scrotal ultrasound?

A

a varicocele will distend

E 121

26
Q

What are varicoceles associated with?

A

aching pain after standing for a long time or heavy lifting
infertility
E 121

27
Q

What is a scrotal hernia?

A

bowel protruding through the inguinal canal into the tunica vaginalis
E 122

28
Q

What confirms the diagnosis of a scrotal hernia?

A

bowel peristalsis

E 122

29
Q

What is the most common extratesticular tumor?

A

adenomatoid tumor

E 122

30
Q

What is a spermatocele?

A

cystic masses of the epididymal tubules
aka epididymal cyst
E 123

31
Q

What is the most common reason for acute scrotal pain?

A

epididymitis

E 124

32
Q

What are the sonographic findings of epididymitis?

A 
enlarged hypoechoic epididymis
increased vascularity
hydrocele, possible
scrotal wall thickening
E 124
33
Q

What are the sonographic findings of orchitis?

A

enlarged hypoechoic testicle
increased vascularity
E 124

34
Q

What are the sonographic findings of testicular torsion?

A

no vascularity
enlarged and hypoechoic after several hours
E 125

35
Q

What is another name for undescended testicle?

A

cryptorchidism

E 126

36
Q

What are complications with cryptorchidism?

A

infertility
cancer
E 126

37
Q

Where is the most common location for an undescended testicle?

A

inguinal canal

W 126

ABDOMEN REVIEW (7 decks)

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