Exam 1

Question 1

Term Intention

Answer 1

The meaning, idea, or concept expressed by a term. The set of attributes or properties that characterize the objects the term is about

Question 2

Term Extension

Answer 2

The class of objects referred to or denoted by a term. The extension of a term is determined by its intension

Question 3

Necessary Condition

Answer 3

A necessary condition for B just in case B cannot exist or occur without A. A necessary condition is something that is required for the existence or occurrence of something else, but that may not be enough, all by itself, to guarantee the existence or or occurrence of that thing –> Always rational

Question 4

Sufficient Condition

Answer 4

A is a sufficient condition for B just in case the existence or occurrence of A guarantees the existence or occurrence of B

A sufficient condition is something that something else, but that may not be enough, all by itself, guarantees the existence or occurrence of something else

Question 5

Necessary or Sufficient?

Being a tiger is a _____ condition for being an animal

Answer 5

Sufficient

Question 6

Necessary or Sufficient?

Being an animal is a _____ condition for being a tiger

Answer 6

Necessary

Question 7

Necessary or Sufficient?

Drinking water is a _____ condition for quenching ones thirst

Answer 7

Sufficient

Question 8

Necessary or Sufficient?

Having a racket is a _____ condition for playing tennis

Answer 8

Necessary

Question 9

Necessary or Sufficient?

Pulling the cork is a _____ condition for drinking an expensive bottle of wine

Answer 9

Neither

Question 10

Necessary or Sufficient?

Stepping on a cats tail is a _____ condition for making a cat yowl

Answer 10

Sufficient

Question 11

Necessary or Sufficient?

Burning leaves is a _____ condition for producing smoke

Answer 11

Sufficient

Question 12

Necessary or Sufficient?

Paying attention is a _____ condition for understanding a lecture

Answer 12

Necessary

Question 13

Necessary or Sufficient?

Taking a swim in the North Sea is a _____ condition for cooling off

Answer 13

Sufficient

Question 14

Necessary or Sufficient?

Opening a door is a _____ condition for crossing the threshold

Answer 14

Neither

Question 15

Criteria for Evaluating definitions

Answer 15

Not too broad/too narrow
Not to be circular
Not to be negative
Avoid obscurity, vagueness, and ambiguity

Question 16

Too Broad

Answer 16

Includes too much

Question 17

Too Narrow

Answer 17

Leaves something out

Question 18

Negative definitions

Answer 18

Includes the word in the definition

Question 19

Valid and Sound Arguments have what

Answer 19

True premises and a true conclusion

Question 20

Valid but unsound arguments have what

Answer 20

False premises but a true conclusion or false premises and a false conclusion if the premises lead to the conclusion given

Question 21

An argument is invalid and unsound if…

Answer 21

There are true premises and a false conclusion

Question 22

Deductive Argument

Answer 22

An argument where the premises necessitate or guarantee the truth of the conclusion

Question 23

Common Deductive Argument Forms

Answer 23

Math, definitions, categorical syllogism, hypothetical syllogism, and disjunctive syllogism

Question 24

Deductive math arguments

Answer 24

Because triangle A is congruent with triangle B, and triangle A is isosceles, it follows that triangle B is isosceles

Question 25

Deductive arguments based on definitions

Answer 25

John is a bachelor, and to be a bachelor just is to be an unmarried male, therefore John is a bachelor

Question 26

Deductive arguments based on categorical syllogism

Answer 26

All humans are mortal, and Socrates is a human, therefore Socrates is mortal

Question 27

Deductive arguments based on hypothetical syllogism

Answer 27

If it pours then it rains, and it is pouring, therefore it is raining

Question 28

Deductive arguments based on disjunctive syllogism

Answer 28

Either taxes increase or the national debt goes up, and it is certainly not the case that taxes will increase, therefore the debt goes up

Question 29

Common Inductive argument forms

Answer 29

Predictions, analogies, generalizations, arguments from authority, and arguments from signs

Question 30

Inductive arguments based on predictions

Answer 30

The rainfall in Seattle has been more than 15 in every year for the past 30 years. Therefore, the rainfall in Seattle will probably be more than 15 in this year

Question 31

Inductive arguments based on analogies

Answer 31

Oranges, are sweet, and apples are like oranges in being fruits, therefore apples are sweet

Question 32

Inductive arguments based on generalizations

Answer 32

Amoco, Exxon, and Texaco are all listed on the NYSE, therefore all major American oil companies are listed on the NYSE

Question 33

Inductive arguments based on arguments from authority

Answer 33

Leading cancer researchers almost unanimously maintain that smoking causes cancer, therefore it is likely that smoking does cause cancer

Question 34

Inductive arguments based on arguments from signs

Answer 34

This highway sign says that the road will be curvy up ahead, therefore it will be

Question 35

Ambiguity

Answer 35

Word with two or more meanings

Question 36

Ambiguity examples

Answer 36

Love, headhunter, bank, roll, watch, committed, and row

Question 37

Vagueness

Answer 37

A word is vague if its extension or denotation admits of borderline cases (grey areas)

Question 38

Vagueness examples

Answer 38

Baldness, heap of _____, courageous, freedom, smart, love, game, coleslaw, art, etc.