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P&P > Lecture 4-6 > Flashcards

Lecture 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Three components of preventative medicine

A

Maximize health and production
Minimize stress
Disease prevention

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2
Q

How to maximize health and production

A

Promote colony immunity (resistance of a group of animals to invasion and spread of infectious disease)

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3
Q

How to minimize stress

A

Ideal housing
Good nutrition
Appropriate parasite control

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4
Q

How to do disease prevention

A

Infectious disease occurrence is usually correlated with animal density and size

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5
Q

What are the two most important considerations for kennels/catteries

A

Easy/economical to maintain

Adequate for animals comfort

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6
Q

What different areas should you have in a kennel/cattery

A 
Indoor/outdoor for dogs
Quarantine
Maternity
Isolation (separate from quarantine)
Holding
Grooming area
Food prep/storage
Storage
Office space
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7
Q

Describe the priority handling

A 
Puppies/kittens
Pregnant females*
Young adults
Healthy adults
Quarantined animals
Isolation/sick animals

**always wash hands in between each

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8
Q

Describe kennel/cattery sanitation daily requirements

A 
Remove animal
Remove solid waste and debris
Clean with detergent or dilute bleach (need 10 min of contact time)
Dry floor
Replace animal
Wash/disinfect food and water bowls
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9
Q

Describe general kennel guidelines (size, building materials, fencing surface, drainage, vermin)

A

Size- large dogs need at least 4x6 (24 ft squared); medium dogs need 4x5 (20 square feet); small dogs 3x4 (12 square feet)
Building materials- non porous materials that can be disinfected
Fencing- walls at least 4 ft high; chain link fence or mesh extend two ft beyond walls
Drainage- adequate for daily cleaning load; floors slope toward drain
Vermin- feed should be stored in containers that inhibit access

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10
Q

Describe general cattery guidelines

A 
Separate from dogs
Draft free
Need light for 8 hours
Food, water, litter
Resting shelf
Cages at least 4 ft apart because of sneezing
Separate cages for each cat except for nursing mothers, or litter mates that come in together
Cages should be 3x3
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11
Q

Describe colony cat housing requirements

A

No more than 15 adult cats or 20 kittens
Need one litter boxy for every 3 cats or five kitten
Need shelves, resting boxes, and optional isolated areas for lone wolves

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12
Q

What is soap/detergent

A

Suspends dirt and grease

Does not kill microorganisms

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13
Q

Disinfectant

A

Kills harmful microorganisms

Doesn’t remove dirt or grease

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14
Q

Degreaser

A

Powerful soap/detergent that penetrates layers of dried on body oils and greasy debris

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15
Q

What other requirements are there for kennels and catteries

A

Ventilation

Temperature

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16
Q

What are some examples of transient environements

A 
Vet hospitals
Grooming/boarding kennels
Shelters
Retail outlets
Research facilities
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17
Q

What are some stable environments

A

Closed breeding kennels/catteries
Closed research colonies
Blood donor colonies
Personal hunting kennels

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18
Q

What is immunoprophylaxis and what are the components

A

Enhancement of a specific immune response to protect an animal from disease

Vaccination, passive transfer

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19
Q

What are the immune defense mechanisms

A

Native defense mechanisms
Humoral immunity- primary IgM, IgG
Cell-mediated immunity
Secretory IgA

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20
Q

What is passive immunization

A 
Artificial transfer of specific antibodies
Immediate protection
Can have rx
Short lived resistance
Transfer of disease still possible
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21
Q

Described passive transfer of maternal antibodies

A

Most is passed through colostrum
Absorbed within first 24-72 hours
There will be a period of susceptibility as maternal antibodies decline

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22
Q

Innate immunity

A

Exists prior to Ag exposure

Physical barrier, phagocytic cells, NK cells

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23
Q

Acquired immunity

A

Develops upon foreign Ag stimulation
Humoral immunity (B cells aka antibodies)
Cell mediated immunity (t cells)
Secretory IgA

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24
Q

Active immunization

A

Giving of Ag to produce an immune response
Costs less than passive immunization
Takes time to produce immunity
Long lasting

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25
Q

MLV- whole agent

A

Attenuated but antigenic
Lower antigen mass so fewer reactions
Requires replication in host
Best vx to stimulate cell-mediated immunity
Long protection
Can induce illness in neonates or immunosuppressed animals with revert to virulence, can cause transient immune suppression
Starts quick and lasts longer

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26
Q

Describe oral/nasal MLV

A

Immune response within 3-5 days
Higher levels of IgA
Readily reverts to virulence
More post vx signs

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27
Q

Describe parenteral MLV

A

Immune response within 7-10 days
High levels of IgG
Does revert to virulence as readily
Fewer post vx signs

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28
Q

Advantages of inactivated/killed vx

A

Do not replicate in host
No reversion to virulence
Safer in immunosuppressed or neonates

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29
Q

Disadvantages of inactivated/killed vx

A

Require boosters
More allergenic due to higher Ag mass
Requires adjuvant
Shorter duration of immunity

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30
Q

What is an adjuvant

A

Added to increase duration and amount of immunostimulation

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31
Q

Types of adjuvants

A 
Aluminum hydroxide
Mycobacteria/endotoxins
Carbopol
Oil
Liposomes
Freund’s complete
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32
Q

Does vaccination equal immunization

A

NO!

Vx can fail due to host factors, vaccine factors, or human factors

33
Q

Host factors of vx failure

A 
Immunodeficiency
Maternal antibody interference
Age
Pregnancy
Fever/hypothermia
Stress
Illness 
Already incubating disease
Malnutrition
Hormonal changes
34
Q

Vaccine factors of vx failure

A 
Improper storage/handling
Biologic variation (culture variability)
Strain differences
Excessive attenuation
Reversion to virulence
Overwhelming exposure
35
Q

Human factors of vx failure

A 
Hospital protocol
Exposed at time of disease
Vx interference (wrong dosing intervals)
Improper mixing/amount
Improper route of administration
Improper use of disinfectants
Concurrent antimicrobials or immunosuppressants
36
Q

Describe some vx reactions

A 
Local reaction (swelling, pain)
Mild systemic reactions (facial swelling, hives)
Fetal resorption, abortions, birth defects
Immune complex disease
Anaphylaxis
Incomplete attenuation causing disease
Vaccine induced neoplasia
Polyradiculoneuritis
Contamination of multi dose vial
Adventitious agents
Febrile limping syndrome of cats
Vx associated disease of young akitas
37
Q

Core vx given to all pets

A

Dogs: Distemper, parvo, infectious canine hepatitis, rabies

Cats: rabies, feline panleukopenia, feline herpes, feline calicivirus

38
Q

Non core vx for dogs

A 
Canine parinfluenza
Leptospirosis
Bordetella
Lyme
Influenza
39
Q

Non core vx for cats

A 
Feline leukemia (core in kittens)
FIV- not made
FIP- not recommended
Chlamydophila
Bordetella
40
Q

How is canine distemper transmitted

A

Virus is shed in body secretions
Primary source of exposure is aerosolized
Often young dogs kept in groups
Virus shedding ceases 1-2 weeks post recovery
Virus can survive hours to days

41
Q

Canine distemper clinical signs

A 
Malaise, anorexia, fever
Rhinitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia
Vomiting/ diarrhea
Keratoconjunctivitis, chorioretinitis
CNS signs (seizures, ataxia, myoclonus)
42
Q

Describe MLV canine distemper vx

A

MLV
Vx on intake to group housing
Vx at 6-8 weeks then ever 2-4 weeks until 14-16 weeks
Booster in 1 year then ever 1-3 years depending on risk

43
Q

Describe recombinant vector distemper vx

A

More rapid immunity, booster annually

Less maternal antibody interference

44
Q

Describe canine infectious hepatitis

A

Canine adenovirus type 1
Transmitted oronasally and in all secretions
Resistant to inactivation and disinfection

45
Q

Clinical signs of infectious canine hepatitis

A 
Per acute- death within hours
Acute- 5-7 day course with vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Corneal edema (blue eye)
CNS signs (hepatic encephalopathy, etc)
46
Q

Describe canine infectious hepatitis vx

A

MLV
Old vx was to type 1, but gave bad reactions
Now we vx with CAV-2 that provide cross protection
Vx on intake to group housing
Vx at 6-8 weeks then every 1-2 weeks until 14-16 wks old
Booster in 1 year then 1-3 years depending on risk

47
Q

Describe lepto

A

Transmitted through direct contact- urine, venereally, placenta, bites, ingesting tissue

Indirect contact- contaminated water, bedding, soil, rodents and wild animals are a reservoir

48
Q

Clinical signs of lepto

A 
Fever, depression, anorexia, muscle pain
Dehydration, congested mm
Acute renal failure
Acute hepatic failure
DIC
49
Q

Describe lepto vx

A

Vx reduced incidence and severity
Short duration of immunity so get every 12 months
Historically associated with high allergic reactions.. avoid in miniature dachshunds
No cross protection between serovars
Vx at 9 wks then every 2-4 weks for 2-3 doses

50
Q

Describe canine cough complex

A

Virus- parainfluenza, adenovirus type 2, distemper, herpesvirus, influenza
Bacterial- bordetella, strep
Mycoplasmas

Spread through aerosols and fomites

51
Q

Clinical signs of canine infectious tracheobronchitis

A

Can be mild all the way to super severe (fatal)

52
Q

Parainfluenza vx

A

Intranasal- MLV, IgA
Parenteral- MLV; need 2 doses

*usually parainfluenza is a secondary infection

53
Q

Bordetella vx

A

Live non virulent oral or intranasally
given with parainfluenza
Can cause severe abscess if given under the skin

54
Q

Describe influenza

A

H3N8 original strain
H3N2 new strain
Respiratory illness
No relation to parainfluenza and no cross protection
Susceptibility to other infections can lead to life threatening pneumonia

55
Q

Flu vx

A

Inactivated/killed so have to be boostered
No cross protection between strains
Some new bivalent vx are coming out
Doesn’t prevent disease, just decreases clinical signs

56
Q

Describe parvovirus

A

Transmitted fecal-oral; fomites

Survives many months

57
Q

Describe parvo vx

A

Lots of maternal antibody interference so need to give it out to 16 weeks and get passed susceptibility period
Killed and MLV

58
Q

Describe coronavirus

A

Often subclincal

Fecal-oral transmission

59
Q

Coronavirus vx

A

No recommended- self limiting or mild disease

Doesn’t cross protect for any of the other coronas

60
Q

Describe lyme disease vx

A 
Give to at risk dogs
Antibody titer only indicates exposure
Whole cell, subunit, and chimeric vx
No cross protection
Tick control is important and best at prevention
61
Q

Canine and feline rabies vx

A

Vaccinate at 3-4 months then in 1 year
Booster as required by state/local law
Killed product so strongly adjuvanted- can cause anaphylaxis, feline fibrosarcoma, granuloma, cutaneous vasculitis
Non-adjuvanted product available 1 and 3 year

62
Q

What is in feline upper resp disease

A 
Herpesvirus
Calicivirus
Chlamydophila
Bordetella
Mycoplasma
63
Q

Herpes and calici transmission

A

Direct contact, fomites, aerosolized

64
Q

Clinical signs of herpes and calicivirus

A

Both- anorexia, depression ,fever, oronasal discharge

FHV- URI signs are more severe, corneal involvement, intermittent shedding

FCV- oral ulceration, myalgia, persistent shedding

65
Q

Herpes and calicivirus vx

A

Only lessens clinical signs
MLV and killed- parenteral
MLV intranasal (consider in outbreak for quick protection)
Vx at one year then every 3 years

66
Q

Describe chlamydophila and bordetella vx

A

Only really vx if at risk because can always treat with abx if it happens

67
Q

Describe Feline panleukopenia

A

Parvo for cats

Shed in all secretions and very resistant to killing

68
Q

Feline paneleukopenia vx

A

MLV and killed parenteral
MLV intranasal

MLV parenteral is the best

69
Q

Feline leukemia

A

Intimate oro-nasal contact with saliva and transplantal

70
Q

FeLV vx

A

Vx at 8-10 weeks then booster in 3-4 weeks then annually or every 2 years
Killed and avirulent, MLV available

71
Q

FIV

A

Vx not used anymore because it wasn’t very effective, messed up FIV test results, and was highly adjuvanted

No vx being manufactured anymore

72
Q

FIP

A

Oral vx

73
Q

Why do we care about oral care in group settings

A

Main communication tool of dogs and cats
Animals with painful mouths may not eat well
Poor oral health can lead to systemic disease
Gross and painful mouths may make the animal unadoptable or workable

74
Q

If an animal is still eating, does it mean it is not painful?

A

No! It is instinct for them to eat. They could be extremely painful and still eat, If they aren’t eating, that means its super severe/chronic

75
Q

Signs of oral pain

A 
Ptyalism
Pseudoptyalism
Halitosis
Swelling
Preferred chewing objects
Sneezing, discharge, saliva
Anxiety/behavior issues
Decreased appetite, dropping of food, coughing, muscle asymmetry
76
Q

What is the earliest sign of periodontal disease

A

Gingivitis!

77
Q

What is periodontal disease

A

Localized, chronic inflammation, and infection

*periodontitis exacerbates systemic responses and many services will not fix their problem/do surgery until mouth is under control

78
Q

What should you look for on oral exam

A

Symmetry
Observe them eating
Palpation
Lift the lips

P&P (6 decks)

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