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Biology > 6.6 HORMONES, HOMEOSTASIS AND REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

6.6 HORMONES, HOMEOSTASIS AND REPRODUCTION Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

ESSENTIAL IDEA

A

hormones are used when signals need to be widely distributed

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2
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A

a stimulus is received and processed

hormones are secreted directly into the blood

the action of hormone change the condition of the tissue

this change is monitored though feedback

most hormonal change = negative feedback

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3
Q

KEY ENDOCRINE GLANDS 8

A

pineal gland

pituitary gland

thyroid gland

thymus

adrenal gland

pancreas

ovary

testes

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4
Q

BLOOD GLUCOSE IS MONITORED BY

A

pancreatic cells

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5
Q

FASTING

A

reduces blood sugar

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6
Q

BLOOD SUGAR INCREASES

A

by absorption of glucose from digestion in the intestine

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7
Q

EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

A

glucoregulation

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8
Q

GLUCOREGULATION USES

A

negative feedback

hormones insulin/glucagon

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9
Q

IF BLOOD GLUCOSE IS TOO TOO HIGH

A

B cells of pancreas produce insulin

insulin stimulates uptake of glucose to cells

insulin stimulates liver/ fat cells to store glucose as glycogen

lead to decrease in blood glucose

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10
Q

IF BLOOD GLUCOSE IS TOO LOW

A

alpha cells of pancreas produce glucagon

glucagon stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose

leads to increase blood sugar

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11
Q

TYPE 1 DIABETES

A

early onset

hereditary, weak relationship

trigger needed: illness

beta cells destroyed

insulin production stops

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12
Q

TYPE II DIABETES

A

adult onset

hereditary, strong relationship

related to obesity and poor diet

fewer insulin receptors in liver

less sensitivity to insulin

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13
Q

DIABETES

A

reduced ability to control blood glucose through insulin

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14
Q

THYROXIN SOURCE

A

thyroid gland

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15
Q

THYROXIN TARGETS

A

most body cells

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16
Q

THYROXIN EFFECTS

A

increases metabolic rate/ rate of protein synthesis

increases heat production/ increased respiration

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17
Q

LEPTIN TREATMENT FOR OBESITY

EXPERIMENT ON MICE

A

obese mice possess two recessive alleles and consequently do not produce any leptin

obese mice treated with leptin saw large weight loss

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18
Q

LEPTIN TREATMENT FOR OBESITY

HUMAN FAILURE

A

most people have naturally high levels of leptin

if linked to leptin obesity in people is due to resistance of the appetite control to leptin

very few patients in the clinical trial experienced weight loss

many patients experienced side-effects such as skin irritations

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19
Q

SRY GENE

A

gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop into testes and secrete testosterone

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20
Q

TESTOSTERONE

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A

secreted by testes

causes genitalia to develop

21
Q

TESTES

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A

develop from the embryonic gonads when the embryo is becoming a fetus

22
Q

TESTOSTERONE AT PUBERTY

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A

primary sexual characteristics of sperm production in the testes

development of secondary sexual characteristics

enlargement of penis

growth of pubic hair

deepening of the voice

23
Q

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

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A

cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female sexual secondary characteristics during puberty

24
Q

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE SOURCE

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A

at first by mother’s ovaries and then her placenta

25
ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE | PUBERTY
primary sexual characteristic of egg release dev of female secondary sexual characteristics enlargement of breast growth of pubic hair
26
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DIAGRAM
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160317032544/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-66-hormones-homeostasis-and-reproduction-19-638.jpg?cb=1458201378
27
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DIAGRAM
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160317032544/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-66-hormones-homeostasis-and-reproduction-21-638.jpg?cb=1458201378
28
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
controlled by endocrine system
29
FSH
pituitary | stimulates oocyte dev
30
LH
pituitary matures oocytes and causes release ovulation
31
ESTROGEN
ovaries dev of endomentrium early: +ve feedback on FSH late: -ve feedback on FSH and LH
32
PROGESTERONE
ovaries maintains endometrium -ve feedback on FSH and LH
33
OCOCYTE
cell in ovary
34
HCG
pregnancy hormone keeps estrogen and progesterone high
35
OXYTOCIN
birth hormone: contractions of uterus
36
MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 1-4
follicular phase menstruation endometrium sheds FSH increases stimulating follicle dev
37
MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 5-14
ovulatory phase FSH and follicle stimulate oestrogen release oestrogen stimulates endometrium dev oestrogen stimulate LH peak in LH causes ovulation (day 14)
38
MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 14-28
luteal phases fall in LH corpus luteum forms from now empty follicle corpus luteum releases progesterone progesterone maintains the endometrium and inhibits FSH and LH
39
IF NO FERTILISATION AND IMPLANTATION OCCURS
progesterone and oestrogen drop triggering menstruation and FSH release
40
MENSTRUAL CYCLE IS CONTROLLED BY
negative feedback endocrine system with ovarian and pituitary hormones
41
MENSTRUAL CYCLE DIAGRAM
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok6-160317032544/95/bioknowledgy-presentation-on-66-hormones-homeostasis-and-reproduction-26-638.jpg?cb=1458201378
42
EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN THE REGULATION OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland estrogen and progesterone are produced by the ovary FSH stimulates the ovary to promote dev of a follicle the dev follicles secrete estrogen, which inhibits FSH (-ve feedback) estrogen stimulates growth of endometrium estrogen stimulates LH secretion (+ve feedback) LH stimulates follicle to grow and triggers ovulation follicle becomes corpus luteum the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone estrogen and progesterone maintain the endometrium estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH (-ve) after two weeks the corpus luteum degenerates progesterone and estrogen levels fall triggers menstrual bleeding pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH, as they are no longer inhibited menstrual cycle continues
43
MELATONIN
controls circadian rhythm
44
LEPTIN
inhibits appetite
45
IN VITRO FERTILISATION | DOWN REGULATION
first step shutting down menstrual cycle stopping secretion of pituitary/ ovarian hormones done with a drug
46
IN VITRO FERTILISATION | SUPER OVULATION
2nd step collects multiple eggs from the woman high dose of FSH are injected to stimulated dev of multiple follicles injection of HCG when follicles reach a certain size maturation process starts
47
IN VITRO FERTILISATION | STEP 3
prepared eggs are combined with sperm in sterile conditions successful fertilized eggs are then incubated before implantation
48
IN VITRO FERTILISATION | STEP 4
two weeks before implantation woman takes progesterone to aid implantation this is continued until pregnancy test and if positive until 12 of gestation
49
WILLIAM HARVEY
investigation in sexual reproduction in deers menstrual blood did not contribute to the formation of a fetus

Biology (40 decks)

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