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Geography > Human - CUE > Flashcards

Human - CUE Flashcards

1
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Movement of people from living in the inner city to living on the outer edges. Facilitated by the improvement in transport networks and increased car ownership. Resulting in a spread of the urban area.

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2
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

Movement of people from urban areas to smaller urban areas or rural areas. Leapfrogging the rural urban fringe.

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3
Q

Greenfield site

A

Area not previously been built on. Often on rural urban fringe.

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4
Q

Ribbon development

A

Urban growth and expansion of suburbs along routes into the CBD.

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5
Q

Urban sprawl

A

Spread of urban area into the surrounding countryside. Happens if there are no planning controls

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6
Q

Green belt

A

Area of land usually surrounding an urban area, where development is restricted. A strategy to prevent urban sprawl

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7
Q

Rural urban fringe

A

Area beyond the built up area of town or city.

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8
Q

Suburbanised village

A

A village in commuting distance, which receives newcomers as a result of counter-urbanisation. It shares characteristics of a suburb.

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9
Q

Urban resurgence

A

Economical and structural regeneration of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline, which can be initiated by regeneration schemes.

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10
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

Loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector which occurred in the uk in the 2nd half of the 20thC

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11
Q

Gentrification

A

Process by which individuals or groups buy and renovate properties often in run down areas. This is fuelled by wealthier people.

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12
Q

“Dead-heart” syndrome

A

Result of loss of manufacturing and retailing from downtown areas of a city leaving it with a ‘dead heart’.

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13
Q

Urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of a counties population that lives in towns and cities. There are 2 main causes: natural population growth, rural to urban migration.

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14
Q

Million city

A

City with a population of more than 1 million people.

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15
Q

Megacity

A

City with a population of over 10 million people.

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16
Q

Metacity

A

Conurbation with more than 20 million people.

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17
Q

Urban growth

A

Increase in the number of urban dwellers, classification of this depends of the census definition of urban areas which vary from country to country. They include more than 1 of the following criteria: population size, population density, distance between buildings and legal boundaries.

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18
Q

Natural increase

A

Birth rate minus death rate per 1000 people per year.

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19
Q

Rural-urban migration

A

Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

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20
Q

Push factors

A

Negative things that drive people away from a place.

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21
Q

Pull factors

A

Positive things that attract people to a place.

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22
Q

Homogenisation

A

Process of people products and places becoming the same.

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23
Q

Underemployment

A

Person not doing work that makes use of their skills and abilities, may occur when a migrant moves to a new place for work.

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24
Q

Decentralisation

A

Movement of population and industry from urban areas to outlying areas. This term may encompass the process of suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation.

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25
Q

Quaternary sector

A

Sector of the economy where knowledge or ideas are the main output, e.g. advertising, computer programming and software design.

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26
Q

Tertiary sector

A

Sector of economy concerned with providing services.

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27
Q

World city

A

Cities that have great influence on a global scale, because of finance and commercial power. These cities house headquarters of many transnational corporations (TNCs).

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28
Q

Devolution

A

Transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.

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29
Q

Regeneration

A

Policies directed at tackling social, economic, physical and environmental problems within urban areas.

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30
Q

Urban policy

A

Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage development of urban areas and reduce urban problems.

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31
Q

Edge city

A

Self-contained settlement which has emerged beyond original city boundary and developed as a city in its own right.

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32
Q

Fortress landscapes

A

Landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion.

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33
Q

Post-modern Western City

A

Characterised by the mixing of different artistic styles and architecture.

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34
Q

Urban morphology

A

Spatial structure and organisation of an urban areas

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35
Q

Bid-rent model

A

Graph showing land values falling with increasing distance from PLVI resulting in different land use zones.

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36
Q

Peak land value intersection (PLVI)

A

Most expensive location in a town or city

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37
Q

Distance decay

A

Concept that land values decrease with increasing distance from PLVI.

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38
Q

Central Business District (CBD)

A

Traditionally the most accessible part of a town or city, with the highest concentration of retailing, offices and entertainment.

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39
Q

Inner city

A

Area of old housing and light manufacturing industry dating back to the industrial revolution. Factoring and terraced housing for workers, many cities have witnesses regeneration of these areas in the last 3 decades.

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40
Q

Residential

A

Areas consisting of housing from range of periods, increasing in size and price as you move towards the outskirts.

41
Q

Green areas

A

Tend to be dotted throughout urban areas, ranging from large botanical gardens to playgrounds in a housing estate.

42
Q

Out of town retail developments

A

Originally developed by large supermarkets, they include non-food retail and entertainment, but have had a negative impact on city centres.

43
Q

Business parks

A

Found on the edge of urban areas where there is good access to major roads.

44
Q

Industry

A

Manufacturing industries often require large areas of land and tend to locate towards the edge of cities where cheaper land is availabl.

45
Q

Informal settlements

A

Aka. Slums/shanty towns, a feature of a city on low-income countries. Traditionally developed on the edge as well as in areas of the city deemed undesirable. Steep slopes, unstable land and areas prone to natural hazards may also influence their location.

46
Q

Cultural diversity

A

Existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

47
Q

Diaspora

A

Group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world.

48
Q

Economic inequality

A

Difference between levels of living standards, income, etc. Across the whole economic distribution.

49
Q

Social segregation

A

When social groups live apart from larger populations due to factors such as wealth, ethnicity, religion or age.

50
Q

Urban social exclusion

A

Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation.

51
Q

Albedo

A

The reflectivity of a surface, also the ratio between amount of incoming insolation and amount of energy reflected back to the atmosphere. Light surfaces reflect more than dark, therefore have a greater albedo.

52
Q

Microclimate

A

Small-scale variations in temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed and evaporation that occur in a particular environment such as an urban area.

53
Q

Urban dome

A

The urban microclimate is sometimes called this, it’s the area within which the weather is different from that of surrounding rural areas. Two levels in the dome: Urban Canopy and Urban Boundary layer.

54
Q

Photochemical pollution

A

Form of air pollution that occurs mainly in cities and can be dangerous to health. Exhaust fumes become trapped by temperature inversions and, in presence of sunlight, low-level ozone forms. (Associated with high pressure weather systems).

55
Q

Urban heat island

A

Zone around and above an urban area, which has higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas.

56
Q

Isotherm

A

A line joining places with equal temperature (like contours joining places of equal height).

57
Q

Channelling

A

Wind redirected down long, straight streets where there is less friction. Sometimes referred to as urban canyons.

58
Q

Venturi Effect

A

Squeezing of wind into an increasingly narrow gap, resulting in a pressure decrease and velocity increase of winds.

59
Q

Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUDS)

A

Managing rainfall by using natural processes in the landscape to reduce flooding, control flooding and provide amenity for the community.

60
Q

Hydrology

A

The scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on earth. The water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

61
Q

Storm hydrograph

A

A graph of discharge of a river over the time period when normal flow of a river is affected by a storm event.

62
Q

Discharge

A

Amount of water in a river flowing past a particular point expressed in cumecs (cubic meters per sec.).

63
Q

Peak discharge

A

Point on a hydrograph when river discharge is at greatest.

64
Q

Base flow

A

Represents the normal day to day discharge of the river and is the consequence of slow moving soil through flow and groundwater seeping into the river channel.

65
Q

Lag time

A

Time between peak rainfall and peak discharge.

66
Q

Flashy

A

A ‘flashy’ hydrograph has a short lag time, high peak discharge and steep rising and falling limbs. If a river has a flashy hydrograph it is more likely to flood.

67
Q

Impermeable

A

Surface or rock that will not allow water to percolate or pass through.

68
Q

Hard engineering

A

River management strategies which involve use of man-made structures in order to prevent or control natural river processes from taking place.

69
Q

Soft engineering

A

River management strategies shchi work alongside natural river processes to manage flood risk. They don’t involve building artificial structures or trying to stop movement of water into a river channel to help prevent flooding.

70
Q

Energy from waste

A

Electricity and heat produced when general waste is safely burned at high temps. and under carefully controlled conditions.

71
Q

Incineration

A

Thermal treatment of waste (burning).

72
Q

Industrialisation

A

Process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.

73
Q

Inert waste

A

Material which is neither chemically or biologically reactive and will not decompose.

74
Q

Inorganic waste

A

Material that is non-biodegradable. It’s chemical substances of mineral origin.

75
Q

Landfill

A

Disposal of waste material by burying it.

76
Q

Leachates

A

Toxic waste water containing arsenic, lead, solvents and other contaminants leached from illegal dumps and landfill.

77
Q

MSW - Municipal Solid Waste

A

Commonly known as refuse or rubbish. Most definitions do not include industrial waste, agricultural waste, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge.

78
Q

Organic waste

A

Material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or animal.

79
Q

Recovery

A

Selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use, e.g. recycling, composting or energy generation.

80
Q

Recycling

A

When materials from which items are made be reprocessed into new products.

81
Q

Reuse

A

Action of using something again.

82
Q

Urban mining

A

Process of reclaiming compounds/elements from products, buildings and waste which would otherwise be left to decompose in landfills.

83
Q

Waste stream

A

Complete flow of waste from it source through to recovery, recycling or disposal.

84
Q

Brownfield site

A

Area of previously developed land. Term is used in urban planning to describe land previously used for industrial purposes or some commercial purposes.

85
Q

Dereliction

A

The state of buildings/ and area having been abandoned and become dilapidated.

86
Q

Land remediation

A

The removal of pollination or contaminants from the ground, which enables areas of derelict former industrial land to be brought back into commercial use.

87
Q

Water pollution

A

The contamination of water bodies or sources including rivers, lakes, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. It occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

88
Q

Water-borne infections and diseases

A

Caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, food prep and consumption.

89
Q

Non-point source pollution

A

Pollution which is the result of precipitation run off from a wide range of sources including fertilisers/pesticides, chemicals/toxins from urban. These are difficult to regulate.

90
Q

Remediation

A

Removal of pollution or contaminants from watercourses which have become polluted.

91
Q

Low-impact development (LID)

A

A storm water management approach that help to reduce run off. Done primarily through use of vegetation and permeable surfaces to allow infiltration of water into the ground. Permeable streets, ‘green’ roofs, rain gardens, urban parks allow water to infiltrate into soils rather than flow directly to sewers.

92
Q

Appropriate technology

A

Technology that is suitable to social and economic conditions of the geographic area in which it is to be applied, is environmentally sound, and promotes self-sufficiency on part of those using it.

93
Q

Greener built environments

A

Use of water and energy efficiently, reduce urban waste and increase recycling.

94
Q

Improved transport

A

Expand and develop transport infrastructure and networks to meet demand.

95
Q

Planned expansion

A

Encourage ‘compact cities’ and planned expansion, rather than uncontrolled and unrestricted urban sprawl.

96
Q

Economic communities

A

Provide range of local opportunities including new opportunities in a ‘green economy’.

97
Q

Conserving buildings and open space

A

Protect existing and create new green spaces, valued and made use of by all members of the community. To support high levels of biodiversity within urban ecosystems.

98
Q

Carbon neutral development

A

To achieve a zero carbon footprint.

Geography (6 decks)

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