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MICRO > Pili and Flagella > Flashcards

Pili and Flagella Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the 3 Bacteria appendages and what their functions are

A

1) flagella: locomotion
2) Pili and fimbriae: adhesion
3) Sex pili: Transfer of DNA

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2
Q

Pili are widespread in what classification of bacteria?

A

Pili is widespread in GRAM NEGATIVE and rare in positiev

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3
Q

True or False, pili are normally Peritrichous along the cell

A

True (all over the cell surface)

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4
Q

Explain Pili’s structure and mobility

A

Pili are straight rods unlike flagella (helical)
Pili cant move/rotate unlike flagella
Pili have a simple base unlike flagella which have a complex base

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5
Q

what is the only type of pili that is used for a little bit of motility in pathogenesis?

A

Type 4 (IV) pili creates a twitching motility which is surface mediated. It is NOT swimming

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6
Q

What is UPEC?

A

An E. Coli that has specialized Pili that cause urinary tract infections

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7
Q

E. Coli Pap Pili: explain Pap G

A

G is the actual adhesion at very tip of the pili on the pili fibre

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8
Q

E. Coli Pap Pili: explain Pap F

A

F is the adhesion adapter that connects the G adhesion to the pili fibre

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9
Q

E. Coli Pap Pili: explain Pap E

A

E is the major component of the pili fibre

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10
Q

E. Coli Pap Pili: explain Pap K

A

K is the adapter that connects the pili fibre (mainly E) to the main pilus structure

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11
Q

E. Coli Pap Pili: explain Pap A

A

Pap A is the bulk of the pilus rod

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12
Q

E. Coli Pap Pili: explain Pap H

A

anchors the rod (A) to the cell

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13
Q

E. Coli Pap Pili: explain Pap D

A

Pap D is a chaperone protein inside the periplasmic space

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14
Q

E. Coli Pap Pili: explain Pap C

A

Pap C is located in the outer membrane and it removes incoming proteins from chaperone Pap D

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15
Q

Explain G-FEKAH’ CD

A

This is the the order of the PAP regions from furthest from the cell to the periplasm.

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16
Q

Explain Pili synthesis up until Pap C (4 points)

A
  • translated Pap subunits are normally made as precursor with a signal peptide
  • signal peptides tell cell it needs to be exported
  • as the cell is exported out of the PM, the signal peptide is cut off
  • Pap D binds the subunit in the periplasm and delivers it to Pap C in the outer membrane
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17
Q

what occurs if Pap D becomes mutated?

A

No pilus will form and subunits will degrade in periplasm!!

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18
Q

Explain the second half of Pili synthesis (3 points)

A
  • Pap C creates a donut like spore that feeds the pilus out of the OM
  • Assembly starts with furthest out proteins therefore Pap G is the first subunit
  • Major shaft proteins come in (Pap A) until one pap H comes which terminates the pilus
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19
Q

how many Pap H does it take to stop pilus growth?

A

one. On avg pilus have 1000 pap A’s

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20
Q

Explain the gene organization of the pilus. How does A get produced so much more than the other subunits

A
  • there is a transcriptional terminator after the A gene that causes RNA polymerase to fall off.
  • small amounts of it pass this and transcript the rest of the genes
21
Q

what is the force that allows flagella to rotate?

A

Proton motive force!!

NO ATP IS USED

22
Q

Explain Monotrichous

A

Only one flagellum

23
Q

Polar flagellum ?

A

there is a flagellum at end of the cell

24
Q

Amphitrichous?

A

there is flagella at both ends of the cell

Bi - polar

25
Q

Lophotrichous?

A

Cluster of flagella at one or both ends of the cell

26
Q

Peritrichous?

A

spread every where

27
Q

What are the three main components of flagella?

A

Filament, the hook, and the basal body

28
Q

What is the major difference between gram negative and gram positive bacteria flagellum?

A

Negative: basal body is complex with 4 rings
positive: basal body is simple with 2 rings (S and M)

29
Q

explain the filament structure of flagellum

A

10,000’s of copies of flagellin

Is capped by Hook Associated protein 2 (HAP2)

30
Q

explain Flagellin properties

A
  • is deficient in cysteine, and tryptophan

- will dissociate in presence of acid or heat

31
Q

What is HAP2?

A

Hook Associated Protein 2 which caps the Filament structure

32
Q

explain the hook region of flagella

A
  • composed of hook proteins
  • has a defined length of 80nm
  • HAP1 and HAP3 are at junction between filament and hook
33
Q

Explain the Basal Body structure in Gram Negative bacteria. Name rings

A
  • composed of a rod and 4 rings
  • L, P, S, and M are 4 rings
  • gram positive only have S and M
34
Q

Explain the L ring

A

In the plane of LPS (outer membrane)

LPS = lipopolysaccharide

35
Q

Explain the P ring

A

In the plane of the peptidoglycan layer

36
Q

Explain the S ring

A

Supramembraneous, just above PM

37
Q

Explain the M ring

A

M ring is in plane with PM

38
Q

Explain how flagella rotates

A
  • There are 3 switch proteins
  • FliN, FliG, and FliM
  • Mot A and Mot B are stators which ensure the flagella is stably connected to the PM
  • they also form proton gradient for force
39
Q

how do basal body rings get exported?

A

they have signal peptides

40
Q

how do HAPS, flagellin, and hook get exported?

A

they travel up the interior of the growing filament

41
Q

Why is HAP2 important

A

It caps the filament and therefore ensures when the flagella grows that the subunits do not diffuse away.

42
Q

Explain gene organization of flagella

A

unlike pili which have one operon controlling the whole structure, E. coli flagella have over 40 genes involved in 10 operons
neither flagella or pili gene control is “Wasteful”

43
Q

explain the order of transcriptional control?

A
  • input from many signals give the cell an idea of the environment
  • then early genes are activated
  • then middle genes
  • then late genes
44
Q

explain early genes

A

Early genes have master control

they are transcriptional activators

45
Q

explain middle genes

A
  • Middle genes will only transcribe if activated by early genes
  • These genes code for basal body formation and hook transportation
46
Q

Late genes?

A

must be activated by middle genes

codes for flagella filament

47
Q

Besides flagella rotation what other types of motility are possible? explain both

A

1) twitching motility done by type IV pili
- they crawl by extending and shortening pili
2) gliding motility
- expels slime which glides bacteria forwards

48
Q

explain myxobacteria

A

A form of bacteria that has both type IV pili and slime for ultra motility

49
Q

What is the only microbe to have ATP driven legs for motility

A

mycoplasma mobile

MICRO (28 decks)

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