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Anatomy - 2FF3 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  • gas exchange
  • blood pH
  • olfaction
  • phonation
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2
Q

Primary muscles of inhalation

A
  • external intercostals

- diaphragm

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3
Q

Accessory muscles of inhalation

A
  • sternocleidomastoid

- scalenes

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4
Q

Muscles of active exhalation

A
  • internal intercostals
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transversus abdominis
  • rectus abdominis
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5
Q

Passage through the diaphragm

A
  • aortic hiatus = aorta, thoracic duct
  • esophageal hiatus = esophagus, vagus nerve
  • caval opening = inferior vena cava
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6
Q

Upper respiratory system

A
  • nose/nares
  • nasal cavity
  • sinuses (4 - maxillary, ethmoid, nasal, frontal)
  • pharynx = nasopharynx (pseudostratified ciliated columnar), oropharynx, laryngopharynx (stratified squamous)
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7
Q

Lobule composition

A
  • terminal bronchiole
  • arteriole
  • venule
  • lymphatic vessel
  • elastic tissue
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8
Q

Types of pneumocytes

A
  • type I = gas exchange

- type II = surfactant and alveolar fluid

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9
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
  • tissue respiration in the presence of oxygen
  • carbohydrates = 1:1
  • fats = 1:0.7
  • carbs + fats = 1:0.85
  • proteins = 1:0.8
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10
Q

Boyle’s law

A

PV = k

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11
Q

Ribs

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages
  • 7 true
  • 3 false
  • 2 floating
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12
Q

Features of the ribs

A
  • pedicle
  • lamina
  • body
  • spinous process
  • facets
  • curve of the ribs = lateral margin
  • costal groove
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13
Q

Sternum

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
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14
Q

Pleural effusion

A
  • fluid in the pleural space

- however, in order not to injure the intercostal VAN, we target the top of a rib

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15
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • attaches to costal cartilage, across 12th rib
  • skeletal muscle inserts upon an aponeurosis
  • voluntary control
  • phrenic nerve (C 3, 4, 5)
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16
Q

Functions of the epiglottis

A
  • close off trachea
  • cough/sneeze
  • expulsive manoeuvres
  • structural supports
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17
Q

Bronchi

A
  • right primary = shorter, more vertical
  • left primary = longer, more angled
  • 3 secondary bronchi (right)
  • 2 secondary bronchi (left)
  • plates of cartilage
18
Q

Trachea

A
  • composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings and tracheal smooth muscle
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
19
Q

Lobes and fissures

A
  • right = superior, (horizontal), middle, (oblique), inferior
  • left = superior, (oblique), inferior
  • lingula
20
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments

A
  • tertiary bronchi
  • right = 10
  • left = 8
  • have separate blood supply, innervation, lymphatics
21
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • smooth muscle only
  • autonomic nervous system
  • B2 receptor agonists = relaxation
  • can branch up to 14 times
22
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • tissue respiration in the absence of oxygen
  • produce 2 ATP per glucose (instead of 36)
  • produces lactic acid
23
Q

Measuring lung volumes

A
  • spirograph/spirometry

- pneumotach = measures speed of air as it goes by

24
Q

Rates of ventilation

A
  • minute ventilation = rate that air moves in and out of the mouth
  • alveolar ventilation = rate that fresh air moves in and out of alveoli (less than minute)
25
Q

Elastance

A
  • measure of the stiffness of the lungs
  • high elastance (stiff) = fibrosis, low surfactant
  • low elastiance (compliant) = emphysema
26
Q

Surfactant

A
  • reduces the effort needed to breathe
  • type II pneumocytes
  • phospholipid
  • water lining alveoli provide 2/3 of the elastic recoil
27
Q

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

A
  • in a mixture of gases, each gas will contribute to the total pressure in direct proportion to its percentage in the mixed gas
28
Q

Atmosphere

A
  • at sea level
  • 80% nitrogen
  • 20% oxygen
  • some CO2 and water
29
Q

Partial pressure gradients

A
  • as atmospheric air enters alveoli = O2 decreases, CO2 increases
  • as air moves from alveoli to atmosphere = O2 and CO2 increase
30
Q

Alveolar gas exchange

A
  • oxygen equilibrates very quickly as it passes the alveolus

- carbon dioxide is highly regulated

31
Q

Diffusion barrier

A
  • with fluid present (pulmonary edema), the oxygen doesn’t dissolve well
  • does not affect CO2 pressure
32
Q

Ventilation/perfusion mismatch

A
  • blood is sent to alveoli that are well ventilated
  • high V/Q = good ventilation, low flow (apex of the lung, embolism)
  • low V/Q = poor ventilation, good flow (asthma, lung cancer)
33
Q

Correcting V/Q mismatch

A
  • high V/Q = pulmonary arterioles relax
  • low V/Q = pulmonary arterioles constrict
  • COPD = airways are narrowed, but nowhere to shunt the blood (increased BP, cor pulmonale)
34
Q

CO2 transport in the blood

A
  • plasma (7%)
  • bicarbonate anion (70%)
  • hemoglobin (22%)
35
Q

O2 transport in the blood

A
  • dissolved (1.5%)
  • hemoglobin (98.5%)
  • forms of hemoglobin = adult, fetal (higher affinity), sickle (inherited disease)
36
Q

Oxygen saturation

A
  • after hemoglobin binds one oxygen, it becomes easier to bind the next (cooperativity)
37
Q

Oxygen/hemoglobin dissociation curve

A
  • flat-top allows oxygen pick-up even with respiratory failure
  • normal (arteries) = 97%
  • at rest (veins) = 25% is released to tissues
  • exercising (veins) = 65% is released to tissues
38
Q

Shifted curve

A
  • causes = increased CO2, increased temperature, decreased pH
  • excess O2 dropped off due to shift in curv
39
Q

Respiratory center

A
  • dorsal respiratory group = normal, quiet breathing
  • ventral respiratory group = forceful breathing
  • pontine respiratory group = influences intensity and frequency
40
Q

Control of breathing

A
  • Hering-Breuer reflex (over inflation)
  • cough reflex
  • increased breathing for activity
  • baroreceptors, chemoreceptors
  • temperature, emotion, pain, anal sphincter
41
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • located on ventral surface of the medulla
  • separated by blood-brain barrier
  • sense CSF H+ levels
  • maintain CO2 at 40 mmHg

Anatomy - 2FF3 (6 decks)

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